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Often appears with: justice as a virtue · crime and punishment · contracts, oaths, and obligation · forms of government · custom and unwritten law · taxation, tribute, and revenue · equity, mercy, and pardon · marriage and betrothal · conquest, plunder, and captives · custom and the manners of a people · trade, markets, and merchants · slavery and bondage
Usually: argument (254) · detachment (243) · narrative (137) · injustice endured (115) · indignation (100) · skepticism (70) · censure (57) · curiosity (35) · exhortation (32) · law or decree (26)
“For it is necessary either to do this or else to keep there a great number of cavalry and infantry.” Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince · observation
“Hard-won, self-acquired, self-earned property! Do you mean the property of the petty artisan and of the small peasant, a form of property that preceded the bourgeois form?” Karl Marx; Friedrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party · observation
“Energy in the Executive is a leading character in the definition of good government.” Alexander Hamilton; John Jay; James Madison, The Federalist Papers · precept
“It is not easy to describe the misery of this land, which it was suffering through various and manifold wrongs and impositions, that never failed nor ceased; and wheresoever the king went, there was full licence given to his company to harrow and oppress his wretched people.” (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; translator/editor) James Ingram, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle · vivid
“Such rigid justice—for so he termed it—was, in the opinion of Severus, the only conduct capable of insuring peace to the people or stability to the prince; and he condescended slightly to lament, that to be mild, it was necessary that he should first be cruel.” Edward Gibbon, History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire · insight
“The division of property has lessened the distance which separated the rich from the poor; but it would seem that the nearer they draw to each other, the greater is their mutual hatred, and the more vehement the envy and the dread with which they resist each other’s claims to power; the notion of Right is alike insensible to both classes, and Force affords to both the only argument for the present, and the only guarantee for the future.” Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America — Volume 1 · observation
“Thus the practice of buying Indian titles is but the substitute which humanity and expediency have imposed, in place of the sword, in arriving at the actual enjoyment of property claimed by the right of discovery” Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America — Volume 1 · insight
“Bear in mind, Sancho, that one man is no more than another, unless he does more than another; all these tempests that fall upon us are signs that fair weather is coming shortly, and that things will go well with us, for it is impossible for good or evil to last for ever; and hence it follows that the evil having lasted long, the good must be now nigh at hand; so thou must not distress thyself at the misfortunes which happen to me, since thou hast no share in them.” Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Don Quixote · insight
“Item, it is my will that, touching certain moneys in the hands of Sancho Panza … no claim be made against him … but that if anything remain over and above … the balance … shall be his.” Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Don Quixote · insight
“Such was the end of the Ingenious Gentleman of La Mancha, whose village Cide Hamete would not indicate precisely, in order to leave all the towns and villages of La Mancha to contend among themselves for the right to adopt him and claim him as a son” Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Don Quixote · observation
“The latent causes of faction are thus sown in the nature of man; and we see them everywhere brought into different degrees of activity” Alexander Hamilton; John Jay; James Madison, The Federalist Papers · insight
“No tax can be laid on land which will not affect the proprietor of millions of acres as well as the proprietor of a single acre.” Alexander Hamilton; John Jay; James Madison, The Federalist Papers · insight
Pepys delivers Nicholas’s and Coventry’s plate from a goldsmith to Whitehall and waits for Council action, then learns the powers he drafted have been granted.
first time there, my Lord Montagu, my Lord Barkley, Mr. Coventry, and all the rest of the principal Officers and Commissioners, except only the Controller, who is not yet chosen. 13th. Up early, the first day that I put on my black camlett coat with silver buttons. To Mr. Spong, whom I found in his night-gown writing of my patent. It being done, we carried it to Worcester House, [The Earls of Worcester had a larg…
Pepys describes late-night court gossip and fears of military changes, intrigues around figures like Lauderdale and Monmouth, disputes over Antrim’s estate, and a sense that politics will lead to ruin.
after us my Lady Aberguenny [Probably Mary, daughter of Thomas Clifford, Esq., of Dunton Walet, Essex, wife to George, ninth Lord Abergavenny.] and other ladies, we back again by coach. 22nd. This evening come Mr. Alsopp the King's brewer, with whom I spent an hour talking and bewailing the posture of things at present; the King led away by half-a-dozen men, that none of his serious servants and friends can come at…
Pepys visits a fire in Bishopsgate, suspects a plot, sees women fighting flames, then moves through Southwark and Westminster, dining with officials as Clothworkers’ Hall burns and laborers sleep at the office.
Sunday, having been always full of variety of actions, and little sleep, that it looked like a week or more, and I had forgot almost the day of the week. 6th. Up about five o'clock; and met Mr. Gauden at the gate of the office, (I intending to go out, as I used, every now and then to-day, to see how the fire is,) to call our men to Bishop's- gate, where no fire had yet been near, and there is now one broke out: wh…
On 9th Pepys attends church, writes in his journal, sends his brother away, then on 10th clears and protects his cellars, moves money to Sir W. Rider’s house, and hires guards while learning rumors of wartime wealth and danger.
I knocked. It was by their discovery of some people stealing of some neighbours' wine that lay in vessels in the streets. So to sleep; and all well all night. 9th. Sunday. Up; and was trimmed, and sent my brother to Woolwich to my wife, to dine with her. I to church, where our parson made a melancholy but good sermon; and many and most in the church cried, specially the women. The church mighty full; but few of …
During frost Pepys walks through the City’s ruins, worries about Gottenburgh’s mast supply, then attends plays at the Duke’s house and later reports an estate of hundreds per year passed by friendship and deeds handled for years.
for the sexton, But it come into my head why we should be more bold in making the collection while the psalm is singing, than in the sermon or prayer. 31st. To my accounts, wherein at last I find them clear and right; but to my great discontent do find that my gettings this year have been 573l. less than my last: it being this year in all but 2986l.; whereas, the last, I got 3560l. And then again my spendings thi…
Pepys describes theatre-going at the Duke of York’s playhouse, then discusses naval and commercial affairs: fortifying Medway with chains and guns, and a legal case over seized goods leading toward a partial victory.
stakes, and ships laid there with guns to keep the enemy from coming up to burn our ships; all our care being now to fortify ourselves against their invading us. 24th. With Sir G. Carteret and Sir J. Minnes; and they did talk of my Lord Brouncker; whose father it seems did give Mr. Ashburnham and the present Lord Digby [The Earl of Bristol, frequently called in the Diary Lord Digby, long after he had succeeded to t…
On July 4, Pepys attends criminal trials at the Sessions House, describing arson-for-plunder cases and a guilty verdict based on testimony from two boys used against “rogue” arsonists.
on Suffolke side, otherwise we might have galled their foot. The Duke of York is gone down thither this day, while the Generall sat sleeping this afternoon at the Council-table. 4th. To the Sessions-house, where I have a mind to hear Bazill Fielding's case tried; and so got up to the Bench, my Lord Chief- Justice Keeling [Sir John Keeling, Knight, King's Serjeant 1661, Chief Justice of the King's Bench 1665.] bein…
Pepys witnesses disputes over the King’s lack of linen, explains how grooms likely skim the royal textiles quarterly, debates Treasury answers about Sandwich’s wardrobe profits, and watches court tennis and the King’s weight-checking.
the King having at this day no hankerchers, and but three bands to his neck, he swore. Mr. Townsend pleaded want of money and the owing of the linendraper 5000l.; and that he hath of late got many rich things made, beds and sheets and saddles, without money; and that he can go no further: but still this old man (indeed like an old loving servant) did cry out for the King's person to be neglected. But when he was gone…
Pepys notes a conference between Lords and Commons over whether to confine Clarendon, discusses king’s remarks about the Chancellor versus Buckingham and Bristoll, and records pressure and witness summonses relating to prize goods and Sandwich.
his son Jack (Sir John) his going to France, that he may be a witness against my Lord Sandwich: which do trouble me, though he can, I think, say little. 15th. A conference between the two Houses today; so I stayed: and it was only to tell the Commons that the Lords' cannot agree to the confining or sequestring of the Earle of Clarendon from the Parliament, forasmuch as they do not specify any particular crime which…
After hearing a man is near death, Pepys learns of a suicide attempt by a tavern-keeper who feared loss of property from London’s Great Fire, consults civic law, and reports the King’s decision to restore the estate to widow and children if not legally treated as self-murder.
and I am glad of it. And it is mighty acceptable to the world to hear, that among other reductions the King do reduce his Guards: which do please mightily. 21st. Comes news from Kate Joyce that, if I would see her husband alive, I must come presently. So I to him, and and his breath rattled in the throate; and they did lay pigeons to his feet, and all despair of him. It seems on Thursday last he went sober and qu…
Pepys uses a new “vizard” eye device to help his failing eyesight, then takes his wife to the Park; later a fire at Durham-yard destroys Lady Hungerford’s house, with the King’s court stopping it by blowing up the next building.
done only by his own seeking, that it was to his injury more than profit, and made his case the worse, being ill-managed, and in a cause against the King. 25th (Lord's day). Up, and to my office awhile, and thither comes Lead with my vizard, with a tube fastened within both eyes; which, with the help which he prompts me to, of a glass in the tube, do content me mightily. W. How came and dined with us; and then I t…
It explains Pepys’s executor and heir arrangements, unpaid debts from the Crown, the fate of his books and the Diary manuscript, and his detailed will for preserving the Bibliotheca Pepysiana at Cambridge.
of Pepys's effects, for with them was the manuscript of the immortal Diary. The following are the directions for the disposition of the library, taken from Harl. MS., No. 7301: "For the further settlement and preservation of my said library, after the death of my nephew. John Jackson, I do hereby declare, That could I be sure of a constant succession of heirs from my said nephew, qualified like himse…
From the 13th to 15th Pepys hears city and parliamentary news about charges against the City charter and Monk’s ‘cunning’ letter, argues about property as the foundation of government, dines with officials, corrects his brother’s Greek, and reads about bells in the Church of Rome.
propriety [i.e., property] was the foundation of government. Home, and wrote to Hinchinbroke, and sent that and my other letter that missed of going on Thursday last. So to bed. 15th. Having been exceedingly disturbed in the night with the barking of a dog of one of our neighbours that I could not sleep for an hour or two, I slept late, and then in the morning took physic, and so staid within all day. At noon my b…
Pepys describes a convivial pause in Westminster Hall’s alehouse “Heaven,” then settles debts, delivers letters privately to Lady Wright, pays young Mr. Walton £500, writes to his lord, and sends documents to the post.
Ben Jonson's Alchemist, act v. SC. 2.] where Luellin and I dined on a breast of mutton all alone, discoursing of the changes that we have seen and the happiness of them that have estates of their own, and so parted, and I went by appointment to my office and paid young Mr. Walton L500; it being very dark he took L300 by content. He gave me half a piece and carried me in his coach to St. Clement's, from whence I went…
Brasidas offers terms to Amphipolitans granting continued property and citizenship to those who stay, secures surrender by persuading fears, and coordinates with Thucydides’ arrival to stabilize Eion and the surrounding region.
chose, might continue to enjoy their property with full rights of citizenship; while those who did not wish to stay had five days to depart, taking their property with them. The bulk of the inhabitants, upon hearing this, began to change their minds, especially as only a small number of the citizens were Athenians, the majority having come from different quarters, and many of the prisoners outside had relations with…
The charter sets detailed rules for guardianship of underage heirs, marriage eligibility by social status, widows’ rights to inheritance and dower, and protections against certain seizures for debts.
(3) But if the heir of such a person is under age and a ward, when he comes of age he shall have his inheritance without ‘relief’ or fine. (4) The guardian of the land of an heir who is under age shall take from it only reasonable revenues, customary dues, and feudal services. He shall do this without destruction or damage to men or property. If we have given the guardianship of the land to a sheriff, or to any pers…
This version continues with rules on guardians’ reasonable revenues, heirs’ marriage without disparagement, widows’ prompt inheritance rights, limits on seizing land for debts, and restrictions on scutage and aid.
6. Heirs shall be married without disparagement, yet so that before the marriage takes place the nearest in blood to that heir shall have notice. 7. A widow, after the death of her husband, shall forthwith and without difficulty have her marriage portion and inheritance; nor shall she give anything for her dower, or for her marriage portion, or for the inheritance which her husband and she held on the day of the dea…
Early charter chapters regulate inheritance and feudal dues: relief amounts, wardship rules, reasonable management of heirs’ lands, marriage without disparagement, widows’ dower and election rights, and debt treatment including debts to Jews.
6. Heirs shall be married without disparagement, yet so that before the marriage takes place the nearest in blood to that heir shall have notice. 7. A widow, after the death of her husband, shall forthwith and without difficulty have her marriage portion and inheritance; nor shall she give anything for her dower, or for her marriage portion, or for the inheritance which her husband and she held on the day of the dea…
Clauses 52-58 require restoration of lands taken without lawful judgment, bar arrests for a woman’s appeal for someone else’s death, provide for appeal and jury-like remedies, and address Welsh dispossession, marches adjudication, and Welsh hostages and charters.
as peace is restored, we will banish from the kingdom all foreign born knights, crossbowmen, serjeants, and mercenary soldiers who have come with horses and arms to the kingdom’s hurt. 52. If anyone has been dispossessed or removed by us, without the legal judgment of his peers, from his lands, castles, franchises, or from his right, we will immediately restore them to him; and if a dispute arise over this, then let…
Ulysses is released by Alcinous’s household, carried aboard a Phaeacian ship, falls asleep, and the crew rows into Ithaca at dawn, taking him ashore and hiding the gifts by an olive tree and off the road.
death, the common lot of mankind, lay their hands upon you. I now take my leave; be happy in this house with your children, your people, and with king Alcinous.” As he spoke he crossed the threshold, and Alcinous sent a man to conduct him to his ship and to the sea shore. Arete also sent some maidservants with him—one with a clean shirt and cloak, another to carry his strong box, and a third with corn and wine. When…
Penelope recounts her promised remarriage under pressure and criticizes suitors for consuming her household’s property without proper courting gifts, while Antinous authorizes her to accept presents and keeps them waiting until she marries; the suitors continue dancing and lighting braziers.
has had such a thrashing that he cannot stand on his feet nor get back to his home, wherever that may be, for he has no strength left in him.” Thus did they converse. Eurymachus then came up and said, “Queen Penelope, daughter of Icarius, if all the Achaeans in Iasian Argos could see you at this moment, you would have still more suitors in your house by tomorrow morning, for you are the most admirable woman in the w…
Eumaeus argues it is impious to slight a stranger because beggars come from Zeus, explains Odysseus’s lost household, and recounts the wooers’ consumption and their attack on Odysseus’s property.
“May Zeus, O stranger, and all the other deathless gods grant thee thy dearest wish, since thou hast received me heartily!” Then, O swineherd Eumaeus, didst thou answer him, saying: “Guest of mine, it were an impious thing for me to slight a stranger, even if there came a meaner man than thou; for from Zeus are all strangers and beggars; and a little gift from such as we, is dear; for this is the way with thralls, w…
Du Bois narrates the early operation of the Freedmen’s Bureau under Oliver O. Howard in May 1865, listing its intended relief, labor, schooling, courts, and marriage policies, then noting early logistical and land-related obstacles.
ever be written which does not throw out in bold relief, as one of the great landmarks of political and social progress, the organization and administration of the Freedmen’s Bureau.” On May 12, 1865, Howard was appointed; and he assumed the duties of his office promptly on the 15th, and began examining the field of work. A curious mess he looked upon: little despotisms, communistic experiments, slavery, peonage, bu…
He describes shifting farming systems across Dougherty County—overseers, ownership patterns, and labor—highlighting Sanford’s inability to sell acres, Moses-like “Pa Willis” and other farmers, and hardships in Russian-Jewish-owned lands and Gillonsville.
worked fourteen years as overseer on the Ladson place, and “paid out enough for fertilizers to have bought a farm,” but the owner will not sell off a few acres. Two children—a boy and a girl—are hoeing sturdily in the fields on the farm where Corliss works. He is smooth-faced and brown, and is fencing up his pigs. He used to run a successful cotton-gin, but the Cotton Seed Oil Trust has forced the price of ginning s…
Du Bois traces Black landholding growth in Dougherty County (from zero landholders in 1870 to thousands of acres by 1890–1900), while noting panics, cotton price swings, and assessment uncertainties weaken long-term capital stability.
all things to the will of the landlords.” On this low plane half the black population of Dougherty County—perhaps more than half the black millions of this land—are to-day struggling. A degree above these we may place those laborers who receive money wages for their work. Some receive a house with perhaps a garden-spot; then supplies of food and clothing are advanced, and certain fixed wages are given at the end of …
He argues that despite impressive saving efforts, only about six percent become peasant proprietors and many fall back into serfdom, concluding that increased landholding often leads to migration to town and implies social problems move with residents.
and 1893, a fifth between 1884 and 1890, and the rest between 1870 and 1884. In all, one hundred and eighty-five Negroes have owned land in this county since 1875. If all the black land-owners who had ever held land here had kept it or left it in the hands of black men, the Negroes would have owned nearer thirty thousand acres than the fifteen thousand they now hold. And yet these fifteen thousand acres are a credit…
Du Bois depicts the Negro church as the social center of Black life, then illustrates its structured governance and wealth with examples like Philadelphia’s Bethel, supported by 1890 census claims.
of this more formal religion, the Church often stands as a real conserver of morals, a strengthener of family life, and the final authority on what is Good and Right. Thus one can see in the Negro church to-day, reproduced in microcosm, all the great world from which the Negro is cut off by color-prejudice and social condition. In the great city churches the same tendency is noticeable and in many respects emphasize…
Sarah dies at Hebron in Canaan; Abraham negotiates with the sons of Heth for the field and double cave of Ephron near Mamre, paying silver to secure a burial possession.
Sara was an hundred and twenty seven years old (for so long lived she) and then died in a head city called Hebron in the land of Canaan. Then Abraham came to mourn Sara and to weep for her. And Abraham stood up from the corpse, and talked with the sons of Heth saying: I am a stranger and a foreigner among yow, give me a possession to bury in with you, that I may bury my dead out of my sight. And the children of Heth …
Joseph finally reveals himself to his brothers, explaining God sent him to preserve lives through the famine; he orders the family to move to Egypt and Pharaoh grants them land in Goshen.
And Ioseph could no longer refrain before all them that stood about him, but commanded that they should go all out from him, and that there should be no man with him, while he uttered himself unto his brethren. And he wept aloud, so that the Egyptians and the house of Pharao heard it. And he said unto his brethren: I am Ioseph: doth my father yet live? But his brethren could not answer him, for they were abashed at h…
God answers how Israel will eat during the seventh year by promising sixth-year crop blessing, then legislates land return and redemption, Jubilee release of property, and forbids usury and exploitation.
If ye shall say, what shall we eat the seventh year inasmuch as we shall not sow nor gather in our increase?. I will send my blessing upon you in the sixth year, and it shall bring forth fruit for three years: and ye shall sow the eighth year and eat of old fruit until the ninth year, and even until her fruits come, ye shall eat of old store. Wherefore the land shall not be sold for ever, because that the land is min…
God sets rules for vows and valuations of persons, animals, houses, and dedicated fields, including a requirement to add a fifth for redemption and special status for holy things and tithes.
And the LORD spake unto Moses saying: speak unto the children of Israel and say unto them: If any man will give a singular vow unto the LORD according to the value of his soul, then shall the male from twenty years unto forty be set at fifty sicles of silver, after the sicle of the sanctuary, and the female at thirty sicles. And from five years to twenty the male shall be set at twenty sicles, and the female at ten s…
The firstborn males are numbered, the Levites are taken in place of them, and extra firstborn are redeemed with five shekels per person, with the redemption money given to Aaron.
And all the firstborn males, in the sum of names, from a month old and above, were numbered twenty two thousand two hundred and seventy three. And the LORD spake unto Moses saying: take the Levites for all the firstborn of the children of Israel, and the cattle of the Levites for their cattle: and the Levites shall be mine which am the LORD. And for the redeeming of the two hundred and seventy three which are more th…
Regulations follow for redeeming firstborn humans and unclean beasts, denying inheritance to Aaron because God is his inheritance, and giving the Levites tithes plus a tenth of the tithe for the LORD.
Neverthelater the firstborn of man shall be redeemed, and the firstborn of unclean beasts shall be redeemed. And their redemptions shall be at a month old, valued at five sicles of silver, of the holy sicle. A sicle maketh twenty Geras. But the firstborn of oxen, sheep and goats shall not be redeemed. For they are holy, and thou shalt sprinkle their blood upon the altar, and shalt burn their fat to be a sacrifice of …
God commands Moses to assign Israel’s tribal inheritances in Canaan by defined boundaries, and orders leaders—Eleazar, Joshua, and named tribal lords—to divide the land among the nine and a half tribes.
And the LORD spake unto Moses saying: command the children of Israel and say unto them: when ye come into the land of Canaan, this is the land that shall fall unto your inheritance, the land of Canaan with all her coasts. And your south quarter shall be from the wilderness of Zin along by the coast of Edom, so that your south quarter shall be from the side of the salt sea eastward, and shall fetch a compass from the …
Moses describes Israel’s conquest of Og king of Bashan at Edrei, the taking and destruction of many walled cities, the allocation of conquered land to Reuben, Gad, and half Manasse, and Moses’ appeal to see the promised land from Pisgah.
Then we turned and went up the way to Basan. And Og the king of Basan came out against us: both he and all his people to battle at Edrei. And the LORD said unto me: fear him not, for I have delivered him and all his people and his land into thy hand and thou shalt deal with him as thou dealest with Sihon king of the Amorites which dwelt at Hesbon. And so the LORD our God delivered into our hands, Og also the king of …
Disputes are resolved by judges with limits on corporal punishment, Israel practices levirate marriage to preserve a deceased brother’s name, women and men are prohibited from weight-and-measure fraud, and Amalek is remembered to be erased after rest.
When {If} there is strife between men, let them come unto the law, and let the judges justify the righteous and condemn the trespasser. And if the trespasser be worthy of stripes, then let the judge cause to take him down and to beat him before his face according to his trespass, unto a certain number. Forty stripes he shall give him and not pass: lest if he should exceed and beat him above that with many stripes, th…
A lawyer tests Jesus about inheriting eternal life, Jesus answers with love of God and neighbor and the parable of the Good Samaritan; then Jesus visits Martha and Mary and teaches that Mary’s listening is essential.
my father. And no man knoweth who the son is, but the father: neither who the father is, save the son, and he to whom the son will shew him. And he turned to his disciples, and said secretly: Happy are the eyes, which see that ye see. For I tell you that many prophets and kings have desired to see those things which ye see, and have not seen them: And to hear those things which ye hear, and have not heard them: And…
Paul addresses food offered to idols, saying idols are nothing yet insisting that love limits “knowledge” so weaker believers are not harmed, and then begins to defend his apostolic authority and rights.
The .vj. Chapter. How dare one of you having business with another, go to law under the wicked? and not rather under the saints? Do ye not know that the saints shall judge the world? If the world shall be judged by you: are ye not good enough to judge small trifles. Know ye not how that we shall judge the angels? How much more may we judge things that pertain to the life? If ye have judgements of worldly matters, ta…
After arriving in Sicily, Scipio organizes his army, pairs reluctant Sicilian cavalry with trained substitutes, prepares for Africa by repairing ships and recruiting locals, and restores Syracuse’s seized property under Roman authority.
of Utica, and fortifies a post for the winter. The consul Sempronius gets the better of Hannibal in a battle near Croton. Dispute between Marcus Livius and Claudius Nero, censors._ 1. Scipio, after his arrival in Sicily, formed his volunteers into cohorts and centuries. Of these he kept about his person three hundred young men, in the bloom of their age and the prime of their strength, unarmed, and not knowing for w…
Roman officials audit ship and private property, require immediate payment, grant a three-month truce, send envoys to Rome, and Rome responds to resumed hostilities with naval dispatches and civic prodigy rites.
the purpose, to king Antiochus; and that when Scipio demanded above every thing that Hannibal should be given up to him, answer was made that Hannibal was not in Africa. 38. After the ambassadors returned to Scipio, the quaestors were ordered to give in an account, made out from the public registers, of the public property which had been in the ships; and the owners to make a return of the private property. For the …
At the conference, Quinctius presents Roman peace conditions to Philip and allies list additional demands—ships and prisoners from Cius, restitution of Nicephorium and the temple of Venus, Rhodian claims, and Achaean demands for Corinth and Argos.
Philip and Phaeneas. For it will not be so difficult for the Aetolians to find another praetor, as for the Macedonians to find another king in my place."--Silence then ensued. 33. The Roman expected that he who solicited the conference should open it; and the king thought that he who was to prescribe, not he who received, terms of peace, ought to begin the conference. At length the Roman said, that "his discourse sh…
At the pass of Tempè and then a Roman assembly, Philip avoids naming key peace conditions; disputes over restoring Pharsalus, Larissa, and Thebes lead to hostages, a 200-talent payment, and four months’ armistice.
which Quinctius said,--"Cease wrangling, when you ought to deliberate. The king shall be bound down by such conditions as will not leave it in his power to raise a war." 13. The convention was then adjourned; and next day, the king came to the pass at the entrance of Tempè, the place appointed for a conference; and the third day following was fixed for introducing him to a full assembly of the Romans and allies. On …
After Captain Anthony dies without a will, Douglass is taken to value property and is ranked like livestock; he fears transfer to the cruel Andrew, then returns to Baltimore to live again.
In a very short time after I went to live at Baltimore, my old master’s youngest son Richard died; and in about three years and six months after his death, my old master, Captain Anthony, died, leaving only his son, Andrew, and daughter, Lucretia, to share his estate. He died while on a visit to see his daughter at Hillsborough. Cut off thus unexpectedly, he left no will as to the disposal of his property. It was the…
The Jewish Company offers guarantees against impoverishment by compensating states through indirect benefits, giving governments first offer on abandoned Jewish property, and providing assistance to direct Christian internal migration.
difficulties, for in each case the business proprietor, when he voluntarily decides to emigrate, will settle with the Company's officers in his district on the most advantageous form of liquidation. This will most easily be arranged in the case of small employers, in whose trades the personal activity of the proprietor is of chief importance, while goods and organization are a secondary consideration. The Company wi…
The plan links the Company and Society: it aims to foster industries while respecting private property and individual enterprise, promoting labor and statistics, yet preventing risky speculation via long advertising and centralized information.
to start a similar business six months later. Whenever a new industrial establishment is founded, the Company should be informed, so that all those interested may obtain information from it. Industrialists will be able to make use of centralized labor agencies, which will only receive a commission large enough to ensure their continuance. The industrialists might, for example, telegraph for 500 unskilled laborers fo…
Herzl lays out how the new Jewish migration should occupy land scientifically: geologists and engineers replace chance, representatives take possession by ship, natural resources are inventoried, administration centralized, and land distributed via auctions paid in work.
THE OCCUPATION OF THE LAND When nations wandered in historic times, they let chance carry them, draw them, fling them hither and thither, and like swarms of locusts they settled down indifferently anywhere. For in historic times the earth was not known to man. But this modern Jewish migration must proceed in accordance with scientific principles. Not more than forty years ago gold-digging was carried on in an extra…
Madison lists constitutional federal powers enabling patents and copyrights, creating a federally controlled district for the national government, defining treason punishments without corruption of blood, admitting new states, and regulating federal territory and property.
of authors has been solemnly adjudged, in Great Britain, to be a right of common law. The right to useful inventions seems with equal reason to belong to the inventors. The public good fully coincides in both cases with the claims of individuals. The States cannot separately make effectual provisions for either of the cases, and most of them have anticipated the decision of this point, by laws passed at the instance…
Madison adds that government protects property as well as persons, and he argues representation may justly reflect comparative state wealth because federal voting gives each representative equal weight like local legislative votes.
a still more ready defense? We have hitherto proceeded on the idea that representation related to persons only, and not at all to property. But is it a just idea? Government is instituted no less for protection of the property, than of the persons, of individuals. The one as well as the other, therefore, may be considered as represented by those who are charged with the government. Upon this principle it is, that in…
Hamilton argues that a vigorous Executive is essential to republican good government, protecting against foreign attack, ensuring steady law enforcement, safeguarding property and liberty, and preventing factional or anarchic threats.
To the People of the State of New York: There is an idea, which is not without its advocates, that a vigorous Executive is inconsistent with the genius of republican government. The enlightened well-wishers to this species of government must at least hope that the supposition is destitute of foundation; since they can never admit its truth, without at the same time admitting the condemnation of their own principles.…
Hamilton answers why disunited states would war by pointing to motives familiar to history, especially territorial disputes over western lands, unsettled claims, and the lack of an umpire to settle them peacefully.
even under the restraints of a federal constitution, we have had sufficient experience to enable us to form a judgment of what might be expected if those restraints were removed. Territorial disputes have at all times been found one of the most fertile sources of hostility among nations. Perhaps the greatest proportion of wars that have desolated the earth have sprung from this origin. This cause would exist among u…
Hamilton argues that human fallibility, self-love, and unequal property naturally generate faction, which divides society into creditor/debtor and landed/manufacturing/mercantile interests that government must regulate.
political life, because it nourishes faction, than it would be to wish the annihilation of air, which is essential to animal life, because it imparts to fire its destructive agency. The second expedient is as impracticable as the first would be unwise. As long as the reason of man continues fallible, and he is at liberty to exercise it, different opinions will be formed. As long as the connection subsists between hi…
He argues that landholding interests will be united across rich and poor because all landholders bear land taxes, and he contends electoral choice will naturally favor those voters trust within each class.
interest in society, and according to their situation and talents, will be indiscriminately the objects of the confidence and choice of each other, and of other parts of the community. Nothing remains but the landed interest; and this, in a political view, and particularly in relation to taxes, I take to be perfectly united, from the wealthiest landlord down to the poorest tenant. No tax can be laid on land which wi…
Madison argues for federal authority over treason punishment without corruption of blood, and for admitting new states only under shared consent, plus federal rules for disposing of U.S. territory and a guarantee of republican government.
be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress." In the articles of Confederation, no provision is found on this important subject. Canada was to be admitted of right, on her joining in the measures of the United States; and the other COLONIES, by which were evidently meant the other British colonies, at…
Madison adds further defense that government protects both persons and property, so representation should reflect comparative wealth, and he contrasts the new Constitution with confederacies where states’ votes were unequal.
prevail. The rights of property are committed into the same hands with the personal rights. Some attention ought, therefore, to be paid to property in the choice of those hands. "For another reason, the votes allowed in the federal legislature to the people of each State, ought to bear some proportion to the comparative wealth of the States. States have not, like individuals, an influence over each other, arising fr…
Hamilton expands on impartiality, saying no one should be a judge in their own cause, and applies this to land claims across states, then lists the Constitution’s full categories of federal judicial power.
of foreigners, that they fall within the considerations which are relative to the public peace. The most important part of them are, by the present Confederation, submitted to federal jurisdiction. The reasonableness of the agency of the national courts in cases in which the State tribunals cannot be supposed to be impartial, speaks for itself. No man ought certainly to be a judge in his own cause, or in any cause i…
Hamilton rejects the interpretive maxim “specification excludes generals” to argue against implied civil-jury abolition, and illustrates the proper reading through examples about limiting modes of property conveyance.
particulars evidently excludes all pretension to a general legislative authority, because an affirmative grant of special powers would be absurd, as well as useless, if a general authority was intended. In like manner the judicial authority of the federal judicatures is declared by the Constitution to comprehend certain cases particularly specified. The expression of those cases marks the precise limits, beyond whic…
He quotes Barbados law (329th Act) setting low penalties for wilfully killing enslaved people, argues it reveals a brutal “West India code,” and explains how slave families are separated and sold across islands.
is life to a man thus oppressed? He went away, however, swearing; and threatened that whenever he caught me on shore he would shoot me, and pay for me afterwards. The small account in which the life of a negro is held in the West Indies is so universally known, that it might seem impertinent to quote the following extract, if some people had not been hardy enough of late to assert that negroes are on the same footin…
Equiano receives formal manumission and celebrates becoming free the same day; the narrative quotes his Montserrat deed granting Gustavus Vassa freedom and rights over his property.
and I most reverently bowed myself with gratitude, unable to express my feelings, but by the overflowing of my eyes, while my true and worthy friend, the Captain, congratulated us both with a peculiar degree of heartfelt pleasure. As soon as the first transports of my joy were over, and that I had expressed my thanks to these my worthy friends in the best manner I was able, I rose with a heart full of affection and r…
Equiano describes receiving manumission after paying a reduced price, becoming legally free in Montserrat, and then reproduces the manumission document granting Gustavus Vassa freedom and releasing the master’s rights.
Heaven, they 'were with lightning sped as I went on.' Every one I met I told of my happiness, and blazed about the virtue of my amiable master and captain. When I got to the office and acquainted the Register with my errand he congratulated me on the occasion, and told me he would draw up my manumission for half price, which was a guinea. I thanked him for his kindness; and, having received it and paid him, I hasten…
Washington argues that political agitation distracted Black people from industrial skills and property, critiques illiterate officeholders, praises some able Black officials, and calls for honest, equal franchise law.
Besides, the general political agitation drew the attention of our people away from the more fundamental matters of perfecting themselves in the industries at their doors and in securing property. The temptations to enter political life were so alluring that I came very near yielding to them at one time, but I was kept from doing so by the feeling that I would be helping in a more substantial way by assisting in the…