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Often appears with: trade, markets, and merchants · public finance and debt · justice as a virtue · value, price, and exchange · conquest, plunder, and captives · agriculture and the land · forms of government · crime and punishment · money, coin, and credit · diplomacy and embassies · labor, wages, and the division of work · poverty and wealth
Usually: argument (763) · detachment (487) · skepticism (247) · narrative (192) · censure (190) · indignation (179) · injustice endured (169) · exhortation (124) · curiosity (88) · commentary or gloss (66)
“Blessed be God, at the end of the last year I was in very good health, without any sense of my old pain, but upon taking of cold.” Samuel Pepys, Diary of Samuel Pepys — Volume 02: January 1659-1660 · observation
“and he will take your daughters to be confectionaries, and to be cooks and to be bakers (this describes the expence and luxury as well as the oppression of kings) and he will take your fields and your olive yards, even the best of them, and give them to his servants;” Thomas Paine, Common Sense · observation
“IN THE USUAL PROGRESS OF THINGS, THE NECESSITIES OF A NATION, IN EVERY STAGE OF ITS EXISTENCE, WILL BE FOUND AT LEAST EQUAL TO ITS RESOURCES.” Alexander Hamilton; John Jay; James Madison, The Federalist Papers · insight
“It is evident they would amount to nothing. A LAW, by the very meaning of the term, includes supremacy.” Alexander Hamilton; John Jay; James Madison, The Federalist Papers · observation
“It would otherwise be a mere treaty, dependent on the good faith of the parties, and not a government, which is only another word for POLITICAL POWER AND SUPREMACY.” Alexander Hamilton; John Jay; James Madison, The Federalist Papers · insight
“Such a patient and in such a situation is America at this moment. She has been sensible of her malady. She has obtained a regular and unanimous advice from men of her own deliberate choice. And she is warned by others against following this advice under pain of the most fatal consequences.” Alexander Hamilton; John Jay; James Madison, The Federalist Papers · vivid
“No man would refuse to give brass for silver or gold, because the latter had some alloy in it.” Alexander Hamilton; John Jay; James Madison, The Federalist Papers · precept
“A dissolution or usurpation is the dreadful dilemma to which it is continually exposed.” Alexander Hamilton; John Jay; James Madison, The Federalist Papers · observation
“Political power, properly so called, is merely the organised power of one class for oppressing another. If the proletariat during its contest with the bourgeoisie is compelled, by the force of circumstances, to organise itself as a class, if, by means of a revolution, it makes itself the ruling class, and, as such, sweeps away by force the old conditions of production, then it will, along with these conditions, have swept away the conditions for the existence of class antagonisms and of classes generally, and will thereby have abolished its own supremacy as a class.” Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto · insight
“For mankind censure injustice, fearing that they may be the victims of it and not because they shrink from committing it.” Plato, The Republic · insight
“To-day the black man of the South has almost nothing to say as to how much he shall be taxed, or how those taxes shall be expended; as to who shall execute the laws, and how they shall do it; as to who shall make the laws, and how they shall be made.” W. E. B. Du Bois (William Edward Burghardt Du Bois), The Souls of Black Folk · observation
“That tribute harassed all the people of England so long as is above written; and it was always paid before other imposts, which were levied indiscriminately, and vexed men variously.” (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; translator/editor) James Ingram, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle · observation
Pepys moves through London society—dining at Lord’s lodgings, paying excise-related money to soldiers, and reporting Parliament’s calls for Monk and Fairfax to come to town.
who told me how this day Scott was made Intelligencer, and that the rest of the members that were objected against last night were to be heard this day se'nnight. [James Harrington, the political writer, author of "Oceana," and founder of a club called The Rota, in 1659, which met at Miles's coffee-house in Old Palace Yard, and lasted only a few months. In 1661 he was sent to the Tower, on suspicion of treasonable d…
Pepys discusses Parliament talking about collecting free gifts for the King; he then records early June dealings, including correspondence and business about the Navy and preparations for the Queen’s return.
31st. Great talk now how the Parliament intend to make a collection of free gifts to the King through the Kingdom; but I think it will not come to much. JUNE 4, 1661. To my Lord Crewe's to dinner, and had very good discourse about having of young noblemen and gentlemen to think of going to sea, as being as honourable service as the land war. And among other things he told us how, in Queen Elizabeth's time, one youn…
In October 1661 Pepys discusses ambassador complaints after the Spanish-French incident, forecasts Parliament trouble over offices and money, meets news about Lisbon/Portugall, and advises preparations for the Queen’s provision and Portsmouth.
the Navy, out of order; and yet I do not see that the King takes care to bring in any money, but thinks of new designs to lay out money. OCTOBER 4, 1661. By coach to White Hall with Sir W. Pen. So to Mr. Montagu, where his man, Mons. Eschar, makes a great complaint against the English, that they did help the Spaniards against the French the other day; and that their Embassador do demand justice of our King, and th…
Pepys focuses on Parliament and court religious-political life: chimney-money passage, sermons before the King, the capture and transfer of regicides from Delft, engineering talk about blowing up ships, and ongoing naval movements toward Portugal.
Argier is broken down, and many of their ships sunk into the mole. So that God Almighty hath now ended that unlucky business for us; which is very good news. 4th. To Westminster Hall, where it was full terme. Here all the morning, and at noon to my Lord Crewe's, where one Mr. Templer (an ingenious man and a person of honour he seems to be) dined; and, discoursing of the nature of serpents, he told us some in the w…
On June 3, 1662, Pepys’s office receives Coventry’s appointment as commissioner of the Navy, he describes the Queen’s civil treatment by his wife’s party, and he reports major City honors despite their chamber’s poverty and need for raised fines.
JUNE 3, 1662. At the office, and Mr. Coventry brought his patent and took his place with us this morning. To the Wardrobe, where I found my lady come from Hampton Court, where the Queene hath used her very civilly; and my lady tells me is a most pretty woman. Yesterday (Sir R. Ford told me) the aldermen of the City did attend her in their habits, and did present her with a gold cupp and 1000l. in gold therein. But…
Pepys describes attending Parliament in Westminster, hearing the Speaker’s speech to the King about bills on the Lord’s Day, Conventicles and Papists, and granting four subsidies, then the King’s plans and prorogation to 16 March.
it to have been a very noble house, and a delicate parke about it, where just now there was a doe killed for the King to carry up to Court. 27th. We rode hard home, and see up our horses at Fox Hall, and I by water (observing the King's barge attending his going to the House this day) home, it being about one o'clock. By water to Westminster, and there come most luckily to the Lords' House, as the House of Commons…
Pepys continues the diary with gifts to his wife’s brother going to Holland, meetings at Whitehall, news and letters about Dutch dominance near Surat, and talk of royal leases and patronage, alongside visits to notable families.
gold edgeing in each seam, that was the lace of my wife's best pettycoat that she had when I married her. He is going into Holland to seek his fortune. 15th. To White Hall, to the Duke: where he first put on a periwigg to-day: but methought his hair cut short in order thereto did look very prettily of itself, before he put on his periwigg. Great news of the arrivall of two rich ships, the Greyhound and another, …
Pepys records a detailed discussion of English and foreign revenues with Sir Philip Warwick, evaluates taxation and parliamentary grants, then continues with March 1663-64 council complaints and the growing political fight against the Lord Chancellor.
with the Lieutenant in his pew, in great state. None, it seems, of the prisoners in the Tower that are there now, though they may, will come to prayers there. 29th. To Sir Philip Warwick, who showed me many excellent collections of the state of the Revenue in former Kings' and the late times, and the present. He showed me how the very assessments between 1643 and 1659, which were taxes, (besides Excise, Customes, …
Pepys helps arrange marriage negotiations involving Lord Sandwich and the Carterets, secures planned funding for Tangier from the Lord Treasurer, learns Coventry will become a Privy Counsellor, and notes Lawson’s death.
sense of my kindness to him herein. Sir William Pen told me this day that Mr. Coventry is to be sworn a Privy Counsellor, at which my soul is glad. 25th. To White Hall, where, after I again visited G. Carteret, and received his (and now his Lady's) full content in my proposal, my Lord Sandwich did direct me to return to Sir G. Carteret, and give him thanks for his kind acceptation of this offer, and that he would t…
Pepys advises his planning for the Navy and politics, visits Lord Bellasses in illness at Whitehall, discusses Tangier and Turkish prizes, and warns himself of court enemies while tracking the Navy’s money troubles.
very good manner. But it is a most extraordinary thing to observe, and that which I would not but have had the observation of for a great deal of money. 23rd. Towards White Hall, calling in my way on my Lord Bellasses, [John Lord Bellassis, second son of Thomas Viscount Falconberg, an officer of distinction on the King's side, during the Civil War. He was afterwards Governor of Tangier, and Captain of the Band of …
Pepys describes going to the fleet, French capture of St. Christopher, renewed conflict over naval administration, and later notes the City’s vote to lend the King 100,000l.
I am troubled at, and do fear may in violence break out upon this office some time or other; for we shall not be able to carry on the business. 21st. Up, and at the office all the morning; where by several circumstances I find Sir W. Coventry and the Duke of Albemarle do not agree as they used to do; Sir W. Coventry commending Aylett, (in some reproach to the Duke), whom the Duke hath put out for want of courage; a…
Pepys notes Parliament’s moves about retrenching Sir G. Carteret’s salary, the bill against importing Irish cattle, court politics around Lady Denham, and overseas war news like the Dutch taking Bruant’s head.
50,000l. I made my brother in his cassocke to say grace this day, but I like his voice so ill, that I begin to be sorry he hath taken orders. 8th. Towards noon by water to Westminster Hall, and there by several hear that the Parliament do resolve to do something to retrench Sir G. Carteret's great salary; but cannot hear of any thing bad they can lay to his charge. The House did this day order to be engrossed the …
Pepys describes court corruption rumours (amours and intrigue), Parliament’s major debate on raising 1,800,000l. including replacing chimney-money, and the King’s insistence on a new vest fashion.
happen to hinder his doing the like service the next trial; which makes me think that it were not a thing very unfit; but I will not move in it. 15th. Colvill tells me of the viciousness of the Court; the contempt the King brings himself into thereby; his minding nothing, but doing all things just as his people about him will have it! The Duke of York becoming a slave to this Lady Denham, and wholly minds her. Th…
Pepys meets Lady Peterborough and dines with Lord Crewe and others, discussing Parliament’s land-tax versus excise, accusations about arson in the Great Fire, and legal rules on fire losses.
I will tell you as great, if not greater, a miracle." And what was that, but that our dirty Besse (meaning his Duchesse) should come to be Duchesse of Albemarle? 5th. To my Lady Peterborough, who had sent to speak with me. She makes mighty mourn of the badness of the times, and her family as to money. My Lord's passionateness for want thereof, and his want of coming in of rents, and no wages from the Duke of York.…
Pepys fears the Poll Bill will tax him heavily, notes Parliament passes an Assessment and a justice-of-peace bill for officeholders, and then walks with Roger Pepys discussing Parliament’s ill humors and court ladies.
man of fine conversation; and so is Rolt. Among other things, Harris sung his Irish song, the strangest in itself and the prettiest sung by him that ever I heard. 25th. This afternoon I saw the Poll Bill, now printed; wherein I do fear I shall be very deeply concerned, being to be taxed for all my offices, and then for my money that I have, and my title as well as my head. It is a very great tax; but yet I do thin…
Pepys reflects affectionately on his wife washing clothes and making coal fires, admires the King’s new medall, hears of country impoverishment from high taxes, and records rumors about Buckingham and other political changes.
are, as they swear, in absolute ignorance how this fire should come; which is a strange thing, that so horrid an effect should have so mean and uncertain a beginning. 25th. Lay long in bed, talking with pleasure with my poor wife, how she used to make coal fires, and wash my foul clothes with her own hand for me, poor wretch! in our little room at my Lord Sandwich's; for which I ought for ever to love and admire h…
The Duke of York explains a change in war strategy and fears of invasion, Buckingham is said to be in the Tower, coal costs soar during bitter cold, and Pepys stresses how uncertain information is.
treachery against this King; as betraying him in Scotland, and giving Oliver an account of the King's private councils: which the King knows very well, and yet hath pardoned him. 6th. To White Hall; and here the Duke of York did acquaint us (and the King did the like also afterwards coming in) with his resolution of altering the manner of the war this year: that is, we shall keep what fleet we have abroad in sever…
Pepys attends theater, measures record-breaking cold, hears political talk at the Temple about Bellasses’s fall, and then notes rumors that a council proclamation will declare the Duke of Buckingham a traitor.
is certain that yesterday a proclamation was voted at the council touching the proclaiming of my Lord Duke of Buckingham a traytor, and that it will be out on Monday. 11th. Yesterday the King did publicly talk of the King of France's dealing with all the Princes of Christendome. As to the States of Holland he hath advised them, on good grounds, to refuse to treat with us at the Hague, because of having opportunity…
Pepys records rumors of plots and government changes, notes a betrothal between Richmond and Mrs. Stewart, discusses poll tax assessment, and bargains for a fire-damaged copy of Rycaut’s Turkish discourse.
or thereabouts burned, I did now offer 20s., and he demands 50s., and I think I shall give it him, though it be only as a monument of the fire. 21st. To the Duke of York's playhouse, where unexpectedly I come to see only the young men and women of the house act; they having liberty to act for their own profit on Wednesdays and Fridays this Lent: and the play they did yesterday, being Wednesday, was so well taken, …
Coventry and the Duke of York debate funds for the navy and taxes, Pepys hears Dr. Crewe’s sermon on seeking God’s kingdom, receives Dutch letters about a planned passe, and hears rumors about Richmond and Mrs. Stewart angering the King.
Rupert abroad in the vane-room, pretty well as he used to be, and looks as well, only something appears to be under his periwigg on the crown of his head. 4th. I find the Duke of Albemarle at dinner with sorry company, some of his officers of the Army: dirty dishes and a nasty wife at table, and had meat, of which I made but an ill dinner. Pretty to hear how she talked against Captain Du Tel, the Frenchman, that t…
Pepys comments on church-building patronage in London, pays his poll money, observes the King’s chapel practices on a day of court showing, finds houses in Moorfields, and buys a finely bound Turkish history by Rycaut for collecting.
six books done so, whereof the King and Duke of York and Duke of Monmouth, and Lord Arlington, had four. The fifth was sold, and I have bought the sixth. 9th. Towards noon I to the Exchange, and there do hear mighty cries for peace, and that otherwise we shall be undone; and yet do suspect the badness of the peace we shall make. Several do complain of abundance of land flung up by tenants out of their hands for wa…
Pepys continues the Tangier-money committee discussion, praising Sir William Coventry’s integrity, describing trouble over getting the Duchess of Richmond to Court, and noting Archbishop of Canterbury’s defiance.
and cares not for this disfavour that he is under at Court, knowing that the King cannot take away his profits during his life, and therefore do not value it. 28th. To the King's house, and there saw "The Mad Couple;" which is but an ordinary play; but only Nell's and Hart's mad parts are most excellent done, but especially her's: which makes it a miracle to me to think how ill she do any serious part, as the othe…
Pepys reports talk about the Duchess of York’s influence over pensions and spending, then meets the Duke of York about discipline problems in the fleet and about promoting commanders and reorganizing responsibility.
yet, he tells me, she reserves 5000l. a- gear for her own spending; and my Lady Peterborough by and by tells me that the Duchesse do lay up mightily jewells. 28th. To White Hall; and by and by the Duke of York comes, and we had a little meeting, Anglesy, W. Pen, and I there, and none else: and, among other things, did discourse of the want of discipline in the fleet; which the Duke of York confessed, and yet said …
On 30th Pepys joins a parish procession-day dinner and then gives a bleak political summary: poverty, an unpaid fleet, parliamentary delay of money, and harsh legislation against Nonconformists.
Mr. Brouncker to protect him, with teares in his eyes the King did say he could not, and bid him shift for himself, at least till the House is up. 30th. To the Dolphin Tavern, there to meet on neighbours all of the parish, this being Procession-day, to dine. And did: and much very good discourse; they being most of them very able merchants, as any in the City; Sir Andrew Rickard, Mr. Vandeputt, Sir John Frederick…
Pepys discusses Parliament and court faction with Sir John Bankes, plots office defenses regarding Minnes and Pen, visits Christmas events, meets Sir George Downing in the Park, and hears complaints about unpaid Navy debts.
and he up to her; and so did my Lady Castlemaine once, to see who it was; but when she saw Moll Davis, she looked like fire; which troubled me. 23rd. Discoursed with Sir John Bankes; who thinks this prorogation will please all but the Parliament itself, which will, if ever they meet, be vexed at Buckingham, who yet governs all. He says the Nonconformists are glad of it, and, he believes, will get the upper hand in…
Pepys visits plays including “Horace,” observes a Council dispute over the City’s water-baylage tax, commissions landscape painter Dancre for his dining room, and hosts a noble dinner for Sandwich and others with great satisfaction.
act one: but his words are but silly and invention not extraordinary as to the dances; only some Dutchmen come out of the mouth and tail of a Hamburgh sow. 20th. Heard at the Council-board the City, by their single Counsel Symson, and the Company of Strangers Merchants, debate the business of water-baylage; a tax demanded upon all goods, by the City, imported and exported: which these merchants oppose; and demandi…
Pepys works with the Treasury to divide customs and argue with the East India Company for the King, then proposes going to Chatham to pay troops and investigate the loss of The Defyance.
one of our Company's East India ships outward-bound, which will certainly make the war last; which I am sorry for, being so poor as we are, and broken in pieces. 22nd. Up, and by water with W. Hewer to White Hall, there to attend the Lords of the Treasury; but before they sat, I did make a step to see Sir W. Coventry at his house, where, I bless God, he is come again; but in my way I met him, and so he took me into…
Pepys coordinates Treasury matters tied to Customs and Excise for the Navy, investigates perspective-drawing artists, visits the Queen’s chapel and watches the Prince of Tuscany, while monitoring how his public coach use affects him.
he liked, and seemed mightily pleased with me; and so away to the Excise- office, to do a little business there: and so to the office, where all the morning. 9th. Up, and by water to White Hall, and there with the Board attended the Duke of York, and Sir Thomas Allen with us (who came to town yesterday;) and it is resolved another fleet shall go to the Streights forthwith, and he command it. But his coming home is…
Pepys and associates sign and submit a Navy administration paper read before the King and Duke of York, then hear discussion of this year’s naval operations and money needs while the Prince of Tuscany visits incognito.
Lord of Northumberland's, so prophetic of the business of Chatham as is almost miraculous. I did desire, and he did give it me to copy out; which pleased me mightily. 18th. To my office again to examine the fair draught; and so borrowing Sir J. Minnes's coach, he going with Colonell Middleton, I to White Hall, where we all met and did sign it. And then to my Lord Arlington's, where the King and the Duke of York and…
Pepys reports meetings and court business on Navy financing and Parliament politics, including fears that attempts to avoid recalling Parliament could ruin relations with Holland.
believe, they will not part with me; so I thank God my condition is such that I can retire and be able to live with comfort, though not with abundance. 21st. To Auditor Wood's, and met my Lord Bellasses upon some business of his accounts. Attended the Duke of York a little, being the first time of my waiting on him at St. James's this summer, whither he is now newly gone. And thence walked to White Hall; and so b…
The King and court leave London for Newmarket for a week; Pepys then learns plans for an Anglo-French league involving money, fears it will undermine the Dutch and make Parliament and the kingdom unstable.
here, it seems;, and stopped the fire by blowing up of the next house. The King and Court; went out of town to Newmarket this morning betimes, for a week. 28th. Up, and was called upon by Sir H. Cholmly to discourse about some accounts of his of Tangier: and then to other talk. And I find by him that it is brought almost to effect, the late endeavours of the Duke of York and Duchesse, the Queene-Mother, and my Lor…
The editor’s preface explains English new-year reckoning and then shifts to Pepys’s diary context: he had been healthy after catching cold, lived in Axe Yard with wife and servant Jane, and notes political conditions of the Rump after Lambert’s disturbance.
THE DIARY OF SAMUEL PEPYS M.A. F.R.S. CLERK OF THE ACTS AND SECRETARY TO THE ADMIRALTY MAGDALENE COLLEGE CAMBRIDGE BY THE REV. MYNORS BRIGHT M.A. LATE FELLOW AND PRESIDENT OF THE COLLEGE (Unabridged) WITH LORD BRAYBROOKE'S NOTES EDITED WITH ADDITIONS BY HENRY B. WHEATLEY F.S.A. DIARY OF SAMUEL PEPYS 1660 N.S. COMPLETE JANUARY …
Pepys records a late marriage-related anecdote about wedding ribbons, then describes a day of drinking, political talk about law and tithes, family business at home, and Parliament ordering the Committee of Safety to appear.
her Majesty wore to be cut in little pieces; and as far as they would go, every one had some." The practice still survives in the form of wedding favours. A similar custom is still of every day's occurrence at Dieppe. Upon the morrow after their marriage, the bride and bridegroom perambulate the streets, followed by a numerous cortege, the guests at the wedding festival, two and two; each individual …
On 26th, Pepys carries money for Mr. Downing, helps arrange Council and Customs orders, hosts an elaborate family dinner, writes characters for Downing, and notes news that Monk concurs with Parliament.
were not ready, only his order for a ship to transport him he gave me. To my Lord's again and so home with my wife, tired with this day's work. 26th. To my office for L20 to carry to Mr. Downing, which I did and back again. Then came Mr. Frost to pay Mr. Downing his L500, and I went to him for the warrant and brought it Mr. Frost. Called for some papers at Whitehall for Mr. Downing, one of which was an Order of t…
As wealth and sea power grew, tyrannies spread and states built navies, citing Corinth’s naval advances, major sea-fights, and later developments culminating in the Athenians’ fleet for Salamis.
the islands, and the Peloponnesians to most of Italy and Sicily and some places in the rest of Hellas. All these places were founded subsequently to the war with Troy. But as the power of Hellas grew, and the acquisition of wealth became more an object, the revenues of the states increasing, tyrannies were by their means established almost everywhere—the old form of government being hereditary monarchy with definite…
The Corinthians argue that Hellenic law lets them demand equitable treatment from Athens, citing Corinth’s past aid to Athens and urging Athens to counter Corinth’s enemies rather than be swayed by the uncertain war scare from Corcyra.
you will find that just as many of your dependencies will come over to us, and the principle that you establish will press less heavily on us than on yourselves. “This then is what Hellenic law entitles us to demand as a right. But we have also advice to offer and claims on your gratitude, which, since there is no danger of our injuring you, as we are not enemies, and since our friendship does not amount to very fre…
Thucydides presents the Peloponnesian Confederacy’s ‘Congress’ at Lacedaemon: Corinth and others accuse Athens of treaty breach through Corcyra and Potidaea, and Megara adds complaints about exclusion from the Athenian market and ports.
Congress of the Peloponnesian Confederacy at Lacedaemon The Athenians and Peloponnesians had these antecedent grounds of complaint against each other: the complaint of Corinth was that her colony of Potidæa, and Corinthian and Peloponnesian citizens within it, were being besieged; that of Athens against the Peloponnesians that they had incited a town of hers, a member of her alliance and a contributor to her revenue…
After Athens gains leadership from allies’ hatred of Pausanias, it organizes “Treasurers for Hellas,” fixes tribute at 460 talents, and then explains Athenian empire growth via campaigns against Medes and allied revolts.
they desired to be rid of the Median War, and were satisfied of the competency of the Athenians for the position, and of their friendship at the time towards themselves. The Athenians, having thus succeeded to the supremacy by the voluntary act of the allies through their hatred of Pausanias, fixed which cities were to contribute money against the barbarian, which ships; their professed object being to retaliate for…
Diodotus continues, urging the Athenians not to impose a “strict judges” death policy on rebels, because earlier surrender enables tribute, whereas ruining a city destroys future revenue.
and only great simplicity can hope to prevent, human nature doing what it has once set its mind upon, by force of law or by any other deterrent force whatsoever. “We must not, therefore, commit ourselves to a false policy through a belief in the efficacy of the punishment of death, or exclude rebels from the hope of repentance and an early atonement of their error. Consider a moment. At present, if a city that has a…
Eleans arrive at Corinth, ally with Corinth then Argos, and explain how Lepreum’s tribute dispute with Lacedaemon led to renewed conflict and shifting alliances, followed by Corinthian efforts to recruit Boeotians for action with Argos.
ambassadors who happened to be in Corinth pressed her to conclude the alliance without further delay, but were told to attend at the next congress to be held at Corinth. Immediately afterwards an Elean embassy arrived, and first making an alliance with Corinth went on from thence to Argos, according to their instructions, and became allies of the Argives, their country being just then at enmity with Lacedaemon and L…
Athenian commanders split their forces in Sicily to consult Egesta and investigate Selinus, while Nicias returns from Hyccara to secure money and troops; then summer ends and attention shifts to preparing the move against Syracuse.
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Years of the War—Inaction of the Athenian Army—Alcibiades at Sparta—Investment of Syracuse The Athenian generals left in Sicily now divided the armament into two parts, and, each taking one by lot, sailed with the whole for Selinus and Egesta, wishing to know whether the Egestaeans would give the money, and to look into the question of Selinus and ascertain the state of the quarrel between…
The Peloponnesians sail to Rhodes, persuade Camirus, Lindus, and Ialysus to revolt from Athens, levy a thirty-two-talent contribution, and pause; meanwhile Alcibiades plots with Tissaphernes, undermining pay and support to weaken both sides.
Twentieth and Twenty-first Years of the War—Intrigues of Alcibiades—Withdrawal of the Persian Subsidies—Oligarchical Coup d’Etat at Athens—Patriotism of the Army at Samos The Peloponnesians now determined to sail to Rhodes, upon the invitation of some of the principal men there, hoping to gain an island powerful by the number of its seamen and by its land forces, and also thinking that they would be able to maintain…
Magna Carta restricts levies of scutage and aids without general consent, requires procedure for summoning the realm’s “common counsel,” and establishes county-based courts and limits on fines.
debt is to be paid out of the residue, reserving the service due to his feudal lords. Debts owed to persons other than Jews are to be dealt with similarly. (12) No ‘scutage’ or ‘aid’ may be levied in our kingdom without its general consent, unless it is for the ransom of our person, to make our eldest son a knight, and (once) to marry our eldest daughter. For these purposes only a reasonable ‘aid’ may be levied. ‘Ai…
This version continues with rules on guardians’ reasonable revenues, heirs’ marriage without disparagement, widows’ prompt inheritance rights, limits on seizing land for debts, and restrictions on scutage and aid.
6. Heirs shall be married without disparagement, yet so that before the marriage takes place the nearest in blood to that heir shall have notice. 7. A widow, after the death of her husband, shall forthwith and without difficulty have her marriage portion and inheritance; nor shall she give anything for her dower, or for her marriage portion, or for the inheritance which her husband and she held on the day of the dea…
Chapters 12–27 set limits on scutage and aids, require common counsel for assessments, confirm London’s liberties, standardize summons procedure, control amercements, restrict bridge obligations and certain jurisdictional powers, and define chattel distribution on death and intestacy.
summons has thus been made, the business shall proceed on the day appointed, according to the counsel of such as are present, although not all who were summoned have come. 15. We will not for the future grant to anyone license to take an aid from his own free tenants, except to ransom his person, to make his eldest son a knight, and once to marry his eldest daughter; and on each of these occasions there shall be lev…
The text continues enumerating King George III’s alleged abuses—military, taxation, judicial manipulation, restrictions on trial by jury, displacement, suspension of legislatures, war, and violence—then states that colonies must separate, treats Britain as enemy in war yet friends in peace, and declares independence and powers of the new states.
He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended legislation: For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders which they should commit on…
Darwin concludes on acclimatisation: habit may be hereditary, species ranges are limited by competition and not just climate, and some imported plants show different cold-resisting constitution over time.
surprised that more wrecks of ancient life have not been preserved, owing to the less severe competition to which the inhabitants of these dark abodes will probably have been exposed. *Acclimatisation*.—Habit is hereditary with plants, as in the period of flowering, in the amount of rain requisite for seeds to germinate, in the time of sleep, etc., and this leads me to say a few words on acclimatisation. As it is ex…
Du Bois explains how the Freedmen’s Bureau was created in 1865 via legislation in the War Department, describing its duties, commissioners, and the promise of “forty-acre” land parcels and government oversight.
February 28, which was whirled through just as the session closed, and became the act of 1865 establishing in the War Department a “Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.” This last compromise was a hasty bit of legislation, vague and uncertain in outline. A Bureau was created, “to continue during the present War of Rebellion, and for one year thereafter,” to which was given “the supervision and manageme…
He warns that removing Black voters prevents civic training and lets exploitation by the worst flourish, since a modern industrial system requires political voice, and disfranchisement leaves Black people voiceless on taxation, laws, and execution.
by open and unblushing bribery, or force and fraud; until the Negro voter was thoroughly inoculated with the idea that politics was a method of private gain by disreputable means. And finally, now, to-day, when we are awakening to the fact that the perpetuity of republican institutions on this continent depends on the purification of the ballot, the civic training of voters, and the raising of voting to the plane of…
Jacob’s family travels from Beersheba to Egypt after God’s night vision to Jacob, with Pharaoh-sent chariots, then a long census lists Jacob’s descendants and their household total of seventy.
Israel took his journey with all that he had, and came unto Berseba and offered offerings unto the God of his father Isaac. And God said unto Israel in a vision by night, and called unto him: Iacob, Iacob. And he answered: here am I. And he said: I am that mighty God of thy father, fear not to go down into Egypt. For I will make of thee there a great people. I will go down with thee into Egypt, and I will also bring …
Joseph presents five brothers to Pharaoh, negotiates a Goshen settlement because of famine, then administers Pharaoh’s grain policy that forces Egyptians to sell land, while Israel multiplies in Goshen.
And Ioseph went and told Pharao and said: my father and my brethren their sheep and their beasts and all that they have, are come out of the land of Canaan and are in the land of Gosan. And Ioseph took a part of his brethren: even five of them, and presented them unto Pharao. And Pharao said unto his brethren: what is your occupation? And they said unto Pharao: feeders of sheep {shepherds} are thy servants, both we a…
Israel is instructed against false testimony and corrupt justice, to help enemies’ animals, to protect the poor and aliens, to observe sabbatical rest, hold three yearly feasts, and obey God’s angel and conquest prohibitions.
Thou shalt not accept a vain tale, neither shalt put thine hand with the wicked to be an unrighteous witness. Thou shalt not follow a multitude to do evil: neither answer in a matter of plea that thou wouldest to follow many turn aside from the truth, neither shalt thou paint a poor man's cause. When thou meetest thine enemy's ox or ass going astray, thou shalt bring them to him again. If thou see thine enemy's ass s…
God tells Moses how Israelite and stranger offerings are to be made in the Promised Land, specifying flour, oil, wine, and rules that one ordinance and law apply to both.
And the LORD spake unto Moses saying: speak unto the children of Israel and say unto them: when ye be come into the land of your habitation which I give unto you, and will offer an offering upon the fire unto the LORD, whether it be a burntoffering or a special vow or freewill offering or if it be in your principal feasts to make a sweet savour unto the LORD, of the oxen or of the flock. Then, let him that offereth h…
Regulations follow for redeeming firstborn humans and unclean beasts, denying inheritance to Aaron because God is his inheritance, and giving the Levites tithes plus a tenth of the tithe for the LORD.
Neverthelater the firstborn of man shall be redeemed, and the firstborn of unclean beasts shall be redeemed. And their redemptions shall be at a month old, valued at five sicles of silver, of the holy sicle. A sicle maketh twenty Geras. But the firstborn of oxen, sheep and goats shall not be redeemed. For they are holy, and thou shalt sprinkle their blood upon the altar, and shalt burn their fat to be a sacrifice of …
The spoil is divided: a portion to the LORD and a portion to the Levites, with detailed counts of sheep, oxen, asses, and women, and a report that no soldiers were missing.
And wash your clothes the seventh day, and then ye are clean. And afterward come into the host. And the LORD spake unto Moses saying: take the sum of the prey that was taken, both of the women and of cattle, thou and Eleazer the priest and the ancient heads of the congregation. And divide it into two parts, between them that took the war upon them and went out to battle and all the congregation. And take a portion un…
It sets rules for worship in the LORD’s chosen place: destroying Canaanite cult sites, bringing sacrifices and tithes there, rejoicing with households and Levites, and not doing worship “as every man” pleases; it also allows eating meat in cities but forbids eating blood.
These are the ordinances and laws which ye shall observe to do in the land which the LORD God of thy fathers giveth thee to possess it, as long as ye live upon the earth. See that ye destroy all places where the nations which ye conquer serve their gods, upon high mountains and on high {an hye} hills and under every green tree. Overthrow their altars and break their pillars and burn their groves with fire and hew dow…
After entering and enjoying the land, Israel brings firstfruits to the chosen place, confesses deliverance from Egypt, celebrates with worship, and follows tithing rules for the Levite, stranger, fatherless, and widow.
When thou art come into the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee to inherit and hast enjoyed it and dwellest therein: take of the first of all the fruit of the earth, which thou hast brought in out of the land that the LORD thy God giveth thee and put it in a maund and go unto the place which the LORD thy God shall choose to make his name dwell there. And thou shalt come unto the priest that shall be in those days…
In further parables and debates, Jesus describes a royal wedding, answers the question about paying tribute to Caesar, disputes the Sadducees about resurrection, and answers a Pharisee about the greatest commandment.
And Iesus answered and spake unto them again, in similitudes, saying: The kingdom of heaven is like unto a certain King, which married his son, and sent forth his servants, to call them that were bid to the wedding, and they would not come. Again he sent forth other servants, saying: tell them which are bidden: Lo I have prepared my dinner, mine oxen and my fatlings are killed, and all things are ready, come unto th…
Jesus tells the parable of the wicked tenants, answers questions about paying tribute to Caesar, debates resurrection with the Sadducees, and teaches the greatest commandments.
cast stones and brake his head, and sent him again all too reviled. And again he sent another, and him they killed: and many other, beating some, and killing some. Yet had he one son whom he loved tenderly, him also sent he at the last unto them, saying: they will fear my son. But the tenants said within themselves: This is the heir, come let us kill him and the inheritance shall be ours. And they took him and kille…
It commands submission to higher governing authorities as God’s ordinance, teaches payment of tribute, and grounds social duties and law-fulfilment in love of neighbor through commandments.
who then shall condemn? it is Christ which is dead, Ye rather which is risen again, which is also on the right hand of God and maketh intercession for us. Who shall separate us from God's love? shall tribulation? or anguish? or persecution, other hunger? other nakedness? other peril? other sword? As it is written: For thy sake are we killed all day long, and are counted as sheep appointed to be slain. Nevertheless i…