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Often appears with: value, price, and exchange · taxation, tribute, and revenue · conquest, plunder, and captives · public finance and debt · money, coin, and credit · labor, wages, and the division of work · geography and the description of places · agriculture and the land · custom and the manners of a people · famine, scarcity, and plenty · fate, destiny, and necessity · rank, class, and social order
Usually: argument (1002) · detachment (777) · narrative (555) · curiosity (505) · skepticism (357) · censure (238) · indignation (204) · commentary or gloss (174) · exhortation (161) · wonder (127)
“I called at Paul's Churchyard, where I bought Buxtorf's Hebrew Grammar; and read a declaration of the gentlemen of Northampton which came out this afternoon.” Samuel Pepys, Diary of Samuel Pepys — Volume 02: January 1659-1660 · observation
“The paper became my meat and my drink. My soul was set all on fire.” Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an Amer · vivid
“All merchants shall have safe and secure exit from England, and entry to England, with the right to tarry there and to move about as well by land as by water, for buying and selling by the ancient and right customs, quit from all evil tolls.” Anonymous, The Magna Carta · observation
“To no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay, right or justice.” Anonymous, The Magna Carta · precept
“The executive of the modern State is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie.” Karl Marx; Friedrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party · insight
“All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real conditions of life and his relations with his kind.” Karl Marx; Friedrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party · vivid
“A unity of commercial, as well as political, interests, can only result from a unity of government.” Alexander Hamilton; John Jay; James Madison, The Federalist Papers · insight
“But as soon as I had acquired some general notions respecting physics, and beginning to make trial of them in various particular difficulties, had observed how far they can carry us, and how much they differ from the principles that have been employed up to the present time, I believed that I could not keep them concealed without sinning grievously against the law by which we are bound to promote, as far as in us lies, the general good of mankind.” René Descartes, Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One's · observation
“Your history is so remarkable, that if you do not give it, somebody else will certainly give it; and perhaps so as nearly to do as much harm, as your own management of the thing might do good.” Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin · insight
“next, to those whom you are uncertain whether they will give any thing or not, and show them the list of those who have given; and lastly, do not neglect those who you are sure will give nothing, for in some of them you may be mistaken.” Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin · precept
“Not having any copy here of what is already written, I know not whether an account is given of the means I used to establish the Philadelphia public library, which, from a small beginning, is now become so considerable, though I remember to have come down to near the time of that transaction (1730).” Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin · observation
“Oh! all too happy tillers of the soil, Could they but know their blessedness, for whom Far from the clash of arms all-equal earth Pours from the ground herself their easy fare!” Virgil, The Georgics · insight
Sura XI recounts further episodes: Saleh’s preaching to Thamud and the she-camel, Abraham’s visitors and plea for Lot, Lot’s warned guests and the destruction of Sodom-like cities, and Shoaib’s instructions on fair measure and weight.
Yet they hamstrung her: then said he, "Yet three days more enjoy yourselves in your dwellings: this menace will not prove untrue." And when our sentence came to pass, we rescued Saleh and those who had a like faith with him, by our mercy, from ignominy on that day. Verily, thy Lord is the Strong, the Mighty! And a violent tempest overtook the wicked, and they were found in the morning prostrate in their dwellings, …
Pepys works at the Navy Office with Sir William Penn, dines at the Dolphin by Major Brown’s invitation, then is troubled by busy efforts to find lodgings for Lord Berkeley.
troubled, for fear of being forced to pay the money myself. Called at my father's going home, and bespoke mourning for myself, for the death of the Duke of Gloucester. 16th. My Lord of Oxford is also dead of the small-pox; in whom his family dyes, after 600 years having that honour in their family and name. [This must be a mistake for some other person. Robert, nineteenth earl of Oxford having died in 1632, and Au…
He reports dinners and household arrangements for sending provisions and fruit to Lord Sandwich at Lisbone and the Queen of England’s court there, then describes the end of a month and concerns about Navy mismanagement and lack of money.
successe; but there is no help for it now. The Queen of England (as she is now owned and called) I hear doth keep open Court, and distinct at Lisbone. 27th. At noon, met my wife at the Wardrobe; and there dined where we found Captn. Country, (my little Captain that I loved, who carried me to the Sound,) with some grapes and millons from my Lord at Lisbone. The first that ever I saw; but the grapes are rare things.…
From late August to early November 1662, Pepys describes French and English church worship at the Savoy, attends theatre performances, travels by horseback to Cambridge and Brampton, holds votes and property legal actions, and learns of court faction and security alarms.
man's mind, and have also in Holland their poor's box; in both which places at the making all contracts and bargains they give so much, which they call God's penny. 24th. To my Lord Crewe's, and there dined alone with him, and among other things, he do advise me by all means to keep my Lord Sandwich from proceeding too far in the business of Tangier. First, for that he is confident the King will not be able to find…
Pepys records journeys to Deptford and Woolwich, theatrical and local entertainments, and social talk about Sir G. Carteret’s marriage plans and a Banstead Down foot-race heavily bet on by the King and Duke of York.
to see who we were, and went back again. What his meaning is I know not, but was fearful that I might not go far enough with my hat off. 29th. To Deptford, reading by the way a most ridiculous play, a new one, called "The Politician cheated." [A comedy by Alexander Green.] 30th. To Woolwich, and there come Sir G. Carteret, and then by water back to Deptford, where we dined with him at his house. I find his litt…
At a coffee-house Pepys hears East country merchants’ accounts of winter fish markets near “Quinsborough,” including fish frozen on sledges yet reanimating, and further tales of honey from fir-trees and hunting practices.
come to the Duke's house again; and of a rare play to be acted this week of Sir William Davenant's. The story of Henry the Eighth with all his wives. 11th. At the Coffee-house I went and sat by Mr. Harrington, and some East country merchants, and talking of the country above Quinsborough, [Perhaps Mr. Harrington invented the name of this place, and the account of the country.] and thereabouts, he told us himself t…
Pepys notes political tension in Parliament and royal favor, then records visiting Covent Garden coffee-house, examining students at St. Paul’s School, hearing gossip about Charles II’s affairs, and Dutch threats in India affecting English merchants.
business runs high between the Chancellor and my Lord Bristoll against the Parliament; and that my Lord Lauderdale and Cooper open high against the Chancellor; which I am sorry for. 3rd. In Covent Garden to-night, going to fetch my wife, I stopped at the great Coffee-house there, where I never was before: where Dryden the poet (I knew at Cambridge), and all the wits of the town, and Harris the player, and Mr. Hool…
Pepys continues the diary with gifts to his wife’s brother going to Holland, meetings at Whitehall, news and letters about Dutch dominance near Surat, and talk of royal leases and patronage, alongside visits to notable families.
gold edgeing in each seam, that was the lace of my wife's best pettycoat that she had when I married her. He is going into Holland to seek his fortune. 15th. To White Hall, to the Duke: where he first put on a periwigg to-day: but methought his hair cut short in order thereto did look very prettily of itself, before he put on his periwigg. Great news of the arrivall of two rich ships, the Greyhound and another, …
Pepys marks Ash Wednesday, attends court chapels, tours Somerset House building, discusses an East India dispute over calico and linen, and describes an unusually full church service at St. Paul’s and events in the Tower.
the too good which the Catholiques. And from all together, God knows my heart, I expect nothing but ruin can follow, unless things are better ordered in a little time. 23rd. This day, by the blessing of God, I have lived thirty-one years in the world: and, by the grace of God, I find myself not only in good health in every thing, and particularly as to the stone, but only pain upon taking cold, and also in a fair …
Pepys discusses the timber business with Sir G. Carteret and Mr. Deane, drafts a report, then mixes news and entertainments, including the Paul's commission, a Moorefields craft riot, lottery winnings, and plague reports.
having her picture taken there. There was the King and twenty more I think, standing by all the while, and a lovely creature she in the dress seemed to be. 18th. Sir G. Cateret and I did talk together in the Parke about my Lord Chancellor's business of the timber; he telling me freely that my Lord Chancellor was never so angry with him in all his life, as he was for this business, and in a great passion; and that w…
Pepys gives further news and losses connected to Captain Allen, including sinkings in the Bay of Gibraltar and Cales, a Dutch trade embargo for eighteen months, and comments on bullion-export laws and circulating money.
19th, This day was buried; (but I could not be there) my cosen Percivall Angler: and yesterday I received the news that Dr. Tom Pepys is dead, at Impington. 21st. Mr. Povy carried me to Somerset House, and there showed me the Queene-Mother's chamber and closet, most beautiful places for furniture and pictures; and so down the great stone stairs to the garden, and tried the brave echo upon the stairs; which continue…
Pepys tours Nonsuch and Blackwell (wood and rare ancient trees found during dock digging), then later returns to the fleet to bargain for goods and reflects on plague decreases and the broader war.
in the family had been very great, and they too had most of them many children, and grandchildren, and great-grand-children. This he tells as a most known and certain truth. 25th. Found ourselves come to the fleet, and so aboard the Prince, and there, after a good while in discourse, we did agree a bargain of 5000l. for my Lord Sandwich for silk, cinnamon, nutmegs, and indigo. And I was near signing to an undertak…
Pepys repeats that the plague has decreased, learns from Madam Williams about William How’s stolen gemstones from the Dutch vice-admiral, tours the India ship’s cargo, and reports court factional rumours.
15th. The plague, blessed be God! is decreased 400; making the whole this week but 1300 and odd: for which the Lord be praised! 16th. To Eriffe; where after making a little visit to Madam Williams, she did give me information of W. How's having bought eight bags of precious stones taken from about the Dutch Vice- admirall's neck, of which there were eight dyamonds which cost him 4000l. sterling, in India, and hoped…
Pepys describes London court discussions about naval intelligence and shipbuilding, his work at the office and Thames-side contracting, reads Davila, and later reports the duke and admirals debating fleet losses and discipline.
hands, whatever evil disturbances should be in the State; though it troubles me to lose so great a profit as the King's interest of ten per cent. for that money. 12th. With Sir W. Coventry into London, to the office. And all the way I observed him mightily to make mirth of the Duke of Albemarle and his people about him, saying, that he was the happiest man in the world for doing of great things by sorry instrument…
Pepys notes the Poll Bill’s passage efforts to remove the Proviso, then explains it was removed, discusses King’s spending on debts and court finances, reports ships from Smyrna reaching safety, and gives Exchange market impressions.
11th. This day the Poll Bill was to be passed, and great endeavours used to take away the Proviso. 12th. Sir H. Cholmly did with grief tell me how the Parliament hath been told plainly that the King hath been heard to say, that he would dissolve them rather than pass this Bill with the Proviso. But tells me, that the Proviso is removed, and now carried that it shall be done by a Bill by itself. He tells me how th…
Pepys records House of Commons hostility toward the Paper Bill, where courtiers overcome “the others” through division votes, and he later dines and comments on Exchange news about arriving fleets supporting England’s winter supplies.
courtiers did carry it against those men upon a division of the House, a great many, that it should be committed; and so it was: which they reckon good news. 15th. To the office, where my Lord Brouncker (newly come to town from his being at Chatham and Harwich to spy enormities): and at noon I with him and his lady, Williams, to Captain Cocke's; where a good dinner, and very merry. Good news to-day upon the Excha…
Pepys ends the year by reviewing his finances and then reports national disorder—mutinous seamen, failed expectations for fleets, poor trade, and Parliament and the court’s negligence—followed by January’s fresh worries about the French and Irish threats.
examining Accounts, wherein the House of Lords their proceedings in petitioning the King for doing it by Commission, are in great heat voted by the Commons, after the conference, unparliamentary. 4th. Comes our company to dinner; my Lord Brouncker, Sir W. Pen, his lady, and Peg, [Their daughter.] and her servant, Mr. Lowther [[Anthony Lowther, Esq., of Marske, Co. York, Ob. 1692.]. At night to sup, and then to car…
Pepys records rumors of plots and government changes, notes a betrothal between Richmond and Mrs. Stewart, discusses poll tax assessment, and bargains for a fire-damaged copy of Rycaut’s Turkish discourse.
or thereabouts burned, I did now offer 20s., and he demands 50s., and I think I shall give it him, though it be only as a monument of the fire. 21st. To the Duke of York's playhouse, where unexpectedly I come to see only the young men and women of the house act; they having liberty to act for their own profit on Wednesdays and Fridays this Lent: and the play they did yesterday, being Wednesday, was so well taken, …
On May 1, 1667, Pepys sees market life and Nell Gwynne, describes parliamentary commissioners for accounts struggling over oath authority, and then attends plays while also hearing financial mismanagement and gossip about future government posts.
her mouth; naked-necked, without any thing about it, and a black just-au-corps. She seemed to me a very comely woman: but I hope to see more of her on May-day. 28th. To Deptford, and there I walked down the Yard, Shish and Cox with me; and discoursed about cleaning of the wet docke, and heard (which I had before) how, when the docke was made, a ship of near 500 tons was there found; a ship supposed of Queene Elizab…
On January 1 Pepys dines with Lord Crewe, discusses cheap grain and farming, attends a play about Sir Martin Mar-all, hears about Privy-council changes, and visits dice gaming at the groom-porters.
have thought had been in the world, had I not now seen it. And so I having enough for once, refusing to venture, though Brisband pressed me hard, went away. 2nd. Attended the King and the Duke of York in the Duke of York's lodgings, with the rest of the officers and many of the commanders of the fleet, and some of our master shipwrights, to discourse the business of having the topmasts of ships made to lower abaft …
Pepys records tense parliamentary conflict over the East India Company, involving the Lords and Commons at Westminster, and notes theatre visits, including performances of The Impertinents and gossip about Sir Robert Howard.
for some wrong done him heretofore; and the former appealing to the Commons, the Lords vote their petition a libell; and so there is like to follow very hot work. 3rd. To church, where I saw Sir A. Rickard, though he be under the Black Rod, by order of the Lords' House, upon the quarrel between the East India Company and Skinner; which is like to come to a very great heat between the two Houses. To Old-street, to …
Pepys reports the Queen miscarrying, recounts Commons and Lords fighting over the East India Company’s judgment, and describes a dramatic parliamentary vote threatening anyone assisting the Lords’ execution.
of him. Then to Brouncker's house, and there sat and talked, I asking many questions in mathematics to my Lord, which he do me the pleasure to satisfy me in. 9th. I hear that the Queene hath miscarryed of a perfect child, being gone about ten weeks; which do show that she can conceive, though it be unfortunate that she cannot bring forth. We are told also that last night the Duchesse of Monmouth dancing at her lod…
Pepys records his purchase news, urban talk about a meteor or fire near Cheapside, preparations for travel to Brampton, and his wet journey onward by coach toward Bishop’s Stortford and Cambridge.
them down, and we avoiding the bad way in the forest by a privy way, which brought us to Hodsden; and so to Tibald's that road; which was mighty pleasant. 27th. Met Mr. Sawyer, my old chamber-fellow; and he and I by water together to the Temple, he giving me an account of the base, rude usage which he and Sir G. Carteret had lately before the Commissioners of Accounts, where he was as Counsel to Sir G. Carteret; wh…
Pepys visits Chyrurgeons’-hall under construction, weighs buying Holben’s damaged large picture, later goes to Bartholomew Fair for puppet and stage shows, and ends the day at home after public entertainments.
to see Holben's work in the ceiling blotted on and only whited over! My wife this day with Hales, to sit for her hand to be mended in her picture. 29th. Up, and all the morning at the office; where the Duke of York's long letter was read to their great trouble, and their suspecting me to have been the writer of it. And at noon comes by appointment Harris to dine with me: and after dinner he and I to Chyrurgeons'-…
Pepys visits plays including “Horace,” observes a Council dispute over the City’s water-baylage tax, commissions landscape painter Dancre for his dining room, and hosts a noble dinner for Sandwich and others with great satisfaction.
act one: but his words are but silly and invention not extraordinary as to the dances; only some Dutchmen come out of the mouth and tail of a Hamburgh sow. 20th. Heard at the Council-board the City, by their single Counsel Symson, and the Company of Strangers Merchants, debate the business of water-baylage; a tax demanded upon all goods, by the City, imported and exported: which these merchants oppose; and demandi…
Pepys works with the Treasury to divide customs and argue with the East India Company for the King, then proposes going to Chatham to pay troops and investigate the loss of The Defyance.
one of our Company's East India ships outward-bound, which will certainly make the war last; which I am sorry for, being so poor as we are, and broken in pieces. 22nd. Up, and by water with W. Hewer to White Hall, there to attend the Lords of the Treasury; but before they sat, I did make a step to see Sir W. Coventry at his house, where, I bless God, he is come again; but in my way I met him, and so he took me into…
Pepys coordinates Treasury matters tied to Customs and Excise for the Navy, investigates perspective-drawing artists, visits the Queen’s chapel and watches the Prince of Tuscany, while monitoring how his public coach use affects him.
he liked, and seemed mightily pleased with me; and so away to the Excise- office, to do a little business there: and so to the office, where all the morning. 9th. Up, and by water to White Hall, and there with the Board attended the Duke of York, and Sir Thomas Allen with us (who came to town yesterday;) and it is resolved another fleet shall go to the Streights forthwith, and he command it. But his coming home is…
Pepys reports leaving dinner, hearing of a recent gibbet in Cheapside with a hanging display linked to Huson, then buying Buxtorf’s Hebrew grammar, reading a Northampton declaration, and making preparations for household tarts and larding.
to dinner. After dinner I took leave, and coming home heard that in Cheapside there had been but a little before a gibbet set up, and the picture of Huson [John Hewson, who, from a low origin, became a colonel in the Parliament army, and sat in judgment on the King: he escaped hanging by flight, and died in 1662, at Amsterdam. A curious notice of Hewson occurs in Rugge's "Diurnal," December 5th, 1659…
Thucydides describes early piracy by sea and land as a normal source of livelihood, notes later continuity in places like the Ozolian Locrians, and contrasts Athenian and Spartan shifts away from arms and old customs.
if those who are asked the question would have no idea of disclaiming the imputation, or their interrogators of reproaching them for it. The same rapine prevailed also by land. And even at the present day many of Hellas still follow the old fashion, the Ozolian Locrians for instance, the Aetolians, the Acarnanians, and that region of the continent; and the custom of carrying arms is still kept up among these contine…
The narrative recounts a sequence of Athenian and allied actions: Eion’s capture under Cimon, colonizing Scyros, war with Carystus, Naxos’s defection, and naval battles at Eurymedon where Cimon destroys the Phoenician fleet.
avoid having to leave their homes. Thus while Athens was increasing her navy with the funds which they contributed, a revolt always found them without resources or experience for war. Next we come to the actions by land and by sea at the river Eurymedon, between the Athenians with their allies, and the Medes, when the Athenians won both battles on the same day under the conduct of Cimon, son of Miltiades, and captur…
Continuing the Sicilian settlement history, the text lists founding Greeks from Chalcis, Corinth, Megara, Rhodes and Crete, including Naxos, Syracuse, Leontini, Catana, Thapsus, Hyblaean Megara, Selinus, Gela, Acragas, Zancle, and Messina, and explains Phoenician relocations.
in Motye, Soloeis, and Panormus, near the Elymi, partly because they confided in their alliance, and also because these are the nearest points for the voyage between Carthage and Sicily. These were the barbarians in Sicily, settled as I have said. Of the Hellenes, the first to arrive were Chalcidians from Euboea with Thucles, their founder. They founded Naxos and built the altar to Apollo Archegetes, which now stand…
The charter protects due process and mobility: merchants get safe conduct and toll exemptions, people may leave and return on policy grounds, noble estates and Welsh disputes are regulated, and officials must know and follow the law.
40. To no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay, right or justice. 41. All merchants shall have safe and secure exit from England, and entry to England, with the right to tarry there and to move about as well by land as by water, for buying and selling by the ancient and right customs, quit from all evil tolls, except (in time of war) such merchants as are of the land at war with us. And if such are fo…
Clauses 40-51 guarantee justice without sale or delay, protect merchants’ movement, regulate travel and wartime exceptions, restore wrongfully held property, reform forest abuses, and expel certain foreigners after peace.
40. To no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay, right or justice. 41. All merchants shall have safe and secure exit from England, and entry to England, with the right to tarry there and to move about as well by land as by water, for buying and selling by the ancient and right customs, quit from all evil tolls, except (in time of war) such merchants as are of the land at war with us. And if such are fo…
Minerva-as-Mentes claims she is King of the Taphians traveling to Temesa for iron and returning with copper, says Odysseus is likely alive on a sea-girt island or captive, and notes Telemachus resembles Ulysses. Telemachus responds with bitterness, then asks the visitor the meaning of the feasting and the identity of the violent guests.
you a stranger to this house, or have you been here in my father’s time? In the old days we had many visitors for my father went about much himself.” And Minerva answered, “I will tell you truly and particularly all about it. I am Mentes, son of Anchialus, and I am King of the Taphians. I have come here with my ship and crew, on a voyage to men of a foreign tongue being bound for Temesa4 with a cargo of iron, and I …
Menelaus tells Telemachus that marrying Helen makes him a son-in-law of Zeus, then they exchange gifts of horses and a silver-gold mixing bowl while Penelope’s household continues hosting guests.
a West wind that sings softly from the sea, and gives fresh life to all men. This will happen to you because you have married Helen, and are Jove’s son-in-law.’ “As he spoke he dived under the waves, whereon I turned back to the ships with my companions, and my heart was clouded with care as I went along. When we reached the ships we got supper ready, for night was falling, and camped down upon the beach. When the c…
Eumaeus declines to answer immediately and instead tells his own abduction story, describing Syra’s fertility and painless deaths, then Phoenician traders who deceive, kidnap him, and leave him alone, eventually washed to Ithaca.
and pillaged, or did some enemies carry you off when you were alone tending sheep or cattle, ship you off here, and sell you for whatever your master gave them?” “Stranger,” replied Eumaeus, “as regards your question: sit still, make yourself comfortable, drink your wine, and listen to me. The nights are now at their longest; there is plenty of time both for sleeping and sitting up talking together; you ought not to…
Athene as Mentes claims to be visiting Temesa for copper and iron, advises Telemachus to pursue news of Odysseus, predicts Odysseus’s eventual return from his iron-binding captivity, and suggests Telemachus’s resemblance to Odysseus.
newcomer, or whether thou art a guest of the house, seeing that many were the strangers that came to our home, for that *he* too had voyaged much among men.” Then the goddess, grey-eyed Athene, answered him: “Yea now, I will plainly tell thee all. I avow me to be Mentes, son of wise Anchialus, and I bear rule among the Taphians, lovers of the oar. And now am I come to shore, as thou seest, with ship and crew, sailin…
Odysseus praises communal feasting, then identifies himself as Odysseus of Ithaca and narrates his voyage: from Ismarus against the Cicones, to the lotus-eaters, and onward toward the Cyclopes.
Odysseus relates, first, what befell him amongst the Cicones at Ismarus; secondly, amongst the Lotophagi; thirdly, how he was used by the Cyclops Polyphemus. And Odysseus of many counsels answered him saying: “King Alcinous, most notable of all the people, verily it is a good thing to list to a minstrel such as this one, like to the gods in voice. Nay, as for me, I say that there is no more gracious or perfect delig…
The Phaeacians set Odysseus ashore in Ithaca and, after he sleeps and awakens, their journey ends with feasting in Alcinous’ palace and formal gifts and farewell as the escort prepares Odysseus’ return.
Odysseus, sleeping, is set ashore at Ithaca by the Phaeacians, and waking knows it not. Pallas, in the form of a shepherd, helps to hide his treasure. The ship that conveyed him is turned into a rock, and Odysseus by Pallas is instructed what to do, and transformed into an old beggarman. So spake he, and dead silence fell on all, and they were spell-bound throughout the shadowy halls. Thereupon Alcinous answered him…
Telemachus agrees to take Theoclymenus aboard, and the ship departs; later Odysseus, testing Eumaeus, proposes begging in the city and entering Penelope’s household to serve the wooers.
perished by an evil fate. Wherefore I have taken my company and a black ship, and have gone forth to hear word of my father that has been long afar.” Then godlike Theoclymenus spake to him again: “Even so I too have fled from my country, for the manslaying of one of mine own kin. And many brethren and kinsmen of the slain are in Argos, the pastureland of horses, and rule mightily over the Achaeans. Wherefore now am …
Darwin adds that C. livia can be domesticated in Europe and India and that breed extremes form continuous series, then surveys long historical human care and valuation of pigeons worldwide.
circumstance for the production of distinct breeds, that male and female pigeons can be easily mated for life; and thus different breeds can be kept together in the same aviary. I have discussed the probable origin of domestic pigeons at some, yet quite insufficient, length; because when I first kept pigeons and watched the several kinds, knowing well how true they bred, I felt fully as much difficulty in believing …
Darwin introduces divergence of character, claiming that small differences among varieties can, through selection by different “fanciers,” grow into larger species differences, aided in nature by better occupation of diverse ecological niches.
black cattle were displaced by the long-horns, and that these “were swept away by the short-horns” (I quote the words of an agricultural writer) “as if by some murderous pestilence.” *Divergence of Character*.—The principle, which I have designated by this term, is of high importance on my theory, and explains, as I believe, several important facts. In the first place, varieties, even strongly-marked ones, though ha…
He argues that naturalised plants often become more diverse and less like the native flora, citing Alph. De Candolle and Dr. Asa Gray, and interprets this as evidence that diversification improves success against competitors.
differences of habit and constitution, determine that the inhabitants, which thus jostle each other most closely, shall, as a general rule, belong to what we call different genera and orders. The same principle is seen in the naturalisation of plants through man’s agency in foreign lands. It might have been expected that the plants which have succeeded in becoming naturalised in any land would generally have been cl…
Darwin claims the global parallel succession of life is explained by natural selection: dominant species generate new varieties, spread to new regions, and outcompete others, producing gradual worldwide turnover.
when we treat of the present distribution of organic beings, and find how slight is the relation between the physical conditions of various countries, and the nature of their inhabitants. This great fact of the parallel succession of the forms of life throughout the world, is explicable on the theory of natural selection. New species are formed by new varieties arising, which have some advantage over older forms; an…
In the chapter continuation, Darwin argues that fresh-water organisms spread widely despite barriers, explaining it via pond-to-pond migration and accidental transport, illustrated by his observations of duck-weed and shells clinging to ducks.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION—*continued*. Distribution of fresh-water productions. On the inhabitants of oceanic islands. Absence of Batrachians and of terrestrial Mammals. On the relation of the inhabitants of islands to those of the nearest mainland. On colonisation from the nearest source with subsequent modification. Summary of the last and present chapters. As lakes and river-systems are separated from each other…
He claims oceanic islands often have many endemic species in particular groups (e.g., Madeira land-shells, Galapagos land birds) but not others (e.g., marine birds; Bermuda endemic land birds), attributing patterns to differing immigration opportunities.
the best adapted plants and animals have not been created on oceanic islands; for man has unintentionally stocked them from various sources far more fully and perfectly than has nature. Although in oceanic islands the number of kinds of inhabitants is scanty, the proportion of endemic species (*i.e.* those found nowhere else in the world) is often extremely large. If we compare, for instance, the number of the endem…
Darwin closes the objections by stressing our ignorance about transitional gradations, distribution means, and the fossil record’s imperfection, then turns to domestication to show how variability and selection can accumulate.
see this in the fossil remains from consecutive formations invariably being much more closely related to each other, than are the fossils from formations distant from each other in time. Such is the sum of the several chief objections and difficulties which may justly be urged against my theory; and I have now briefly recapitulated the answers and explanations which can be given to them. I have felt these difficulti…
Du Bois assesses Bureau policies on land, labor, and schooling: it limited peasant-proprietor success, spent heavily on education, supported prominent educators, and distributed money to Black soldiers despite recurring fraud.
were the tyrant and the idler,—the slaveholder who was determined to perpetuate slavery under another name; and, the freedman who regarded freedom as perpetual rest,—the Devil and the Deep Sea. In the work of establishing the Negroes as peasant proprietors, the Bureau was from the first handicapped and at last absolutely checked. Something was done, and larger things were planned; abandoned lands were leased so long…
Du Bois characterizes the county’s Black population as poor and largely illiterate, explains that most people are hardworking farmers rather than lazy, and lists their limited occupational variety and lack of a leisure class.
now most marriage ceremonies are performed by the pastors. Nevertheless, the evil is still deep seated, and only a general raising of the standard of living will finally cure it. Looking now at the county black population as a whole, it is fair to characterize it as poor and ignorant. Perhaps ten per cent compose the well-to-do and the best of the laborers, while at least nine per cent are thoroughly lewd and viciou…
He narrates the origins and pilgrimage of the Fisk Jubilee Singers, from Henry Ward Beecher’s welcome to worldwide performance, ending with their fundraising for Fisk University.
Out of them rose for me morning, noon, and night, bursts of wonderful melody, full of the voices of my brothers and sisters, full of the voices of the past. Little of beauty has America given the world save the rude grandeur God himself stamped on her bosom; the human spirit in this new world has expressed itself in vigor and ingenuity rather than in beauty. And so by fateful chance the Negro folk-song—the rhythmic …
God calls Abram to leave Haran for Canaan, promises land and blessing, and Abram enters Canaan through Shechem/Bethel, then goes to Egypt during a famine and is forced out by Pharaoh.
Then the LORD said unto Abram: Get thee out of thy country and from thy kindred, and out of thy father's house, into a land which I will shew thee. And I will make of thee a mighty people, and will bless thee, and make thy name great, that thou mayst be a blessing. And I will bless them that bless thee, and curse them that curse thee. And in thee shall be blessed all the generations of the earth. And Abram went as th…
Jacob learns there is grain in Egypt and sends Joseph’s brothers to buy food; during famine they bow to Joseph, who accuses them of being spies and tests them by demanding Benjamin.
When Iacob saw that there was corn to be sold in Egypt, he said unto his sons: why are ye negligent? behold, I have heard that there is corn to be sold in Egypt. Get you thither and buy us corn from thence, that we may live and not die. So went Ioseph's ten brethren down to buy corn in Egypt, for Ben Iamin Ioseph's brother would not Iacob send with his other brethren: for he said: some misfortune might happen him. An…
Joseph presents five brothers to Pharaoh, negotiates a Goshen settlement because of famine, then administers Pharaoh’s grain policy that forces Egyptians to sell land, while Israel multiplies in Goshen.
And Ioseph went and told Pharao and said: my father and my brethren their sheep and their beasts and all that they have, are come out of the land of Canaan and are in the land of Gosan. And Ioseph took a part of his brethren: even five of them, and presented them unto Pharao. And Pharao said unto his brethren: what is your occupation? And they said unto Pharao: feeders of sheep {shepherds} are thy servants, both we a…
Moses receives further covenant instructions for festivals (weeks, ingathering, Passover), redemption of firstborn animals and sons, and agricultural requirements, then ascends with Moses to meet God for forty days and nights.
for in the month of Abib thou camest out of Egypt. All that breaketh up the matrice shall be mine, and all that breaketh the matrice among thy cattle, if it be male: whether it be ox or sheep. But the first of the ass thou shalt buy out with a sheep, or if thou redeem him not: see thou break his neck. All the firstborn of thy sons thou must needs redeem. And see that no man appear before me empty. Six days thou shalt…
Rules require Israelites to bring ox, lamb, or goat offerings to the door of the tabernacle rather than slaughtering in the field, forbidding offerings to devils and forbidding eating blood, since blood is used to make atonement.
And the LORD talked with Moses saying: speak unto Aaron and unto his sons and unto all the children of Israel and say unto them, this is the thing which the LORD charged saying: whatsoever he be of the house of Israel that killeth an ox, lamb or goat in the host or out of the host and bringeth them not unto the door of the tabernacle of witness, to offer an offering unto the LORD before the dwelling place of the LORD…
The offerings for the next days of the altar’s dedication are listed for specific tribal leaders—Eliab, Elizur, Selumiel, and Eliasaph—each bringing a repeated set of silver, gold, and sacrificial animals.
And his offering was, a silver charger of an hundred and thirty sicles weight, and a silver bowl of seventy sicles of the holy sicle, and both full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meatoffering: and a golden spoon of ten sicles full of cense: and an ox and a ram and a lamb of a year old for burntofferings, and an he goat for a sinoffering: and for peaceofferings two oxen five rams five he goats and five lambs of …
Further daily altar-dedication offerings are recorded for Elisama, Gamaliel, Abidan, Ahiezer, Pagiel, and Ahira, again detailing the repeated silver vessels, gold spoon, incense, and animal sacrifices.
And an ox, a ram and a lamb of a year old for burntofferings, and an he goat for a sinoffering: and for peaceofferings two oxen five rams five he goats and five lambs of one year old. And this was the offering of Elisama the son of Amihud. The eighth day, offered Gamaliel the son of Pedazur, the chief lord of the children of Manasse. And his gift was: a silver charger of an hundred and thirty sicles weight, and a sil…
God tells Moses how Israelite and stranger offerings are to be made in the Promised Land, specifying flour, oil, wine, and rules that one ordinance and law apply to both.
And the LORD spake unto Moses saying: speak unto the children of Israel and say unto them: when ye be come into the land of your habitation which I give unto you, and will offer an offering upon the fire unto the LORD, whether it be a burntoffering or a special vow or freewill offering or if it be in your principal feasts to make a sweet savour unto the LORD, of the oxen or of the flock. Then, let him that offereth h…
Eligibility rules bar certain men from the congregation, exclude Ammonites and Moabites by their past actions, distinguish treatment of Edomites and Egyptians, and govern cleanliness in military camps and economic prohibitions like usury and prostitution-related offerings.
None that is gelded or hath his privy members cut off, shall come into the congregation of the LORD. And he that is born of a common woman shall not come in the congregation of the LORD, no in the tenth generation he shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD. The Ammonites and the Moabites shall not come into the congregation of the LORD, no not in the tenth generation, no they shall never come in to the cong…
Jesus performs the miraculous catch of fish and calls Simon and his partners to follow; he cleanses a leper, teaches in the synagogues, heals a paralytic through friends’ faith, and calls Levi the tax collector.
were partakers with Simon. And Iesus said unto Simon: fear not, from henceforth thou shalt catch men. And they brought the ships to land, and forsook all, and followed him. And it fortuned as he was in a certain city, and behold there was a man full of leprosy: and when he had spied Iesus, he fell on his face and besought him saying: lord if thou wilt, thou canst make me clean. And he stretched forth his hand, and t…