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Often appears with: labor, wages, and the division of work · trade, markets, and merchants · justice as a virtue · agriculture and the land · famine, scarcity, and plenty · public finance and debt · custom and the manners of a people · taxation, tribute, and revenue · rank, class, and social order · education and the training of the young · crime and punishment · marriage and betrothal
Usually: argument (495) · detachment (320) · indignation (237) · narrative (207) · injustice endured (188) · censure (156) · skepticism (130) · curiosity (118) · exhortation (115) · reflection (84)
“The paper became my meat and my drink. My soul was set all on fire.” Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an Amer · vivid
“I have found that, to make a contented slave, it is necessary to make a thoughtless one. It is necessary to darken his moral and mental vision, and, as far as possible, to annihilate the power of reason.” Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an Amer · insight
“the right of the grim-visaged pirate upon the high seas is exactly the same.” Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an Amer · observation
“Modern industry has converted the little workshop of the patriarchal master into the great factory of the industrial capitalist.” Karl Marx; Friedrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party · observation
“And thus arose the distinction of the visible and the intelligible.” Plato, The Republic · observation
“To make a contented slave, you must make a thoughtless one. It is necessary to darken his moral and mental vision, and, as far as possible, to annihilate his power of reason.” Frederick Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom · insight
“The whole relationship must not only demonstrate, to his mind, its necessity, but its absolute rightfulness. If there be one crevice through which a single drop can fall, it will certainly rust off the slave’s chain.” Frederick Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom · insight
“America is not another word for Opportunity to *all* her sons.” W. E. B. Du Bois (William Edward Burghardt Du Bois), The Souls of Black Folk · insight
“The vision of “forty acres and a mule”—the righteous and reasonable ambition to become a landholder, which the nation had all but categorically promised the freedmen—was destined in most cases to bitter disappointment.” W. E. B. Du Bois (William Edward Burghardt Du Bois), The Souls of Black Folk · vivid
“Not that those nations whose social condition is democratic naturally despise liberty; on the contrary, they have an instinctive love of it. But liberty is not the chief and constant object of their desires; equality is their idol: they make rapid and sudden efforts to obtain liberty, and if they miss their aim resign themselves to their disappointment; but nothing can satisfy them except equality, and rather than lose it they resolve to perish.” Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America — Volume 1 · insight
“No cry, no sob was heard amongst the assembled crowd; all were silent.” Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America — Volume 1 · observation
“Viewing such men, one can hardly make one's self believe that they are fellow-creatures, and inhabitants of the same world.” Charles Darwin, The Voyage of the Beagle · observation
Sura CVIII? continues with a rubric on devotion, then gives Sura XC “The Soil,” Sura CXII “The Unity” is already earlier, and most centrally Sura XC “The Soil” and Sura CV “The Elephant,” focusing on human ingratitude and the moral test of feeding and freeing the vulnerable.
Then shall ye surely see it with the eye of certainty; Then shall ye on that day be taken to task concerning pleasures. SURA XCII.-THE NIGHT [XVI.] MECCA.-21 Verses In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful BY the NIGHT when she spreads her veil; By the Day when it brightly shineth; By Him who made male and female; At different ends truly do ye aim!1 But as to him who giveth alms and feareth God, …
The quoted Qur’anic text asserts that messengers and peoples receive allotted times, that no one can hasten punishment, that God alone controls life and death, and that divine mercy surpasses worldly accumulation; it also includes dietary law questions and cosmic order.
as though they had waited but an hour of the day! They shall recognise one another! Now perish they who denied the meeting with God, and were not guided aright! Whether we cause thee to see some of our menaces against them fulfilled, or whether we first take thee to Ourself,8 to us do they return. Then shall God bear witness of what they do. And every people hath had its apostle.9 And when their apostle came, a rig…
It provides additional marital and prayer rulings: prayer including the middle prayer, fear-situation prayer formats, maintenance for widows after a year, encourages fighting for God, and narrates Saul (Talut) being chosen as king over Israel with the ark as a sign.
he who is in ample circumstances according to his means, and he who is straitened, according to his means-with fairness: This is binding on those who do what is right. But if ye divorce them before consummation, and have already settled a dowry on them, ye shall give them half of what ye have settled, unless they make a release, or he make a release in whose hand is the marriage tie. But if ye make a release, it wil…
The passage includes Quranic directives on alms, repentance, hypocrisy among desert Arabs and Medina, the competing mosques at Kuba, and a bargain of God purchasing believers’ lives for Paradise.
stout in unbelief and dissimulation; and likelier it is that they should be unaware of the laws which God hath sent down to His Apostle: and God is Knowing, Wise. Of the Arabs of the desert there are some who reckon what they expend in the cause of God as tribute, and wait for some change of fortune to befall you: a change for evil shall befall them! God is the Hearer, the Knower. And of the Arabs of the desert, so…
Pepys rides ashore on the 29th, wagers about the height of a sea-side cliff near Deale, hears Deale’s bonfire for the King’s birthday, and later records financial accounting and the restoration celebrations.
they had honours of Earldome, or the like, excepting only the Duke of Buckingham, who was only Sir George Villiers when he was made Knight of the Garter. [A.D. 1616.] 29th. Abroad to shore with my Lord, (which he offered me of himself, saying that I had a great deal of work to do this month, which was very true.) On shore we took horses, my Lord and Mr.Edward, Mr. Hetly and I, and three or four servants, and had a …
Pepys notes his own worsened finances from clothes purchases, reports plague fears and Ottoman and European war disputes, then shifts to White Hall and court talk about pensions and periwigs.
they the other. And the whole, Proby says, is reckoned to come to about 7 or 800l. at most. The Queene mends apace, they say; but yet talks idle still. 30th. To my great sorrow find myself 43l. worse than I was the last month, which was then 760l. and now it is but 717l. But it hath chiefly arisen from my layings-out in clothes for myself and wife; viz. for her about 12l. and for myself 55l., or thereabouts: havin…
Pepys records Temple’s calculations about the worth and management of “new money” and coinage, then reports renewed plague fears, goldsmith trials, watches, Christmas observations, and his growing wealth through prize goods.
herself very much. I was in hopes others had not minded it, but my Lord Brouncker, after we were come away, took notice of the words to me; with displeasure. 11th. That I may remember it the more particularly, I thought fit to insert this memorandum of Temple's discourse this night with me, which I took in writing from his mouth. Before the Harp and Crosse money was cried down, he and his fellow goldsmiths did mak…
Pepys records renewed plague counts, court movements to Audley End, personal reconciliations with Sir William Coventry, visits to the Duke of Albemarle, and a reflection on enjoying pleasure while wealth-building rather than after.
take pleasure during the time that they are getting their estate, but reserve that till they have got one, and then it is too late for them to enjoy it. 12th. My Uncle Talbot Pepys died the last week. All the news now is, that Sir Jeremy Smith is at Cales [Cadiz.] with his fleet; and Mings in the Elve. The King is come this noon to town from Audly End, with the Duke of York and a fine train of gentlemen. 13th. …
Pepys meets Lady Peterborough about her husband’s pension and debts, discusses with Crewe the ruinous cost of Lord Sandwich in Spain, learns of Sir William Batten’s death, and watches an acting company with painted performers and lewd talk.
at pawne for money, and how they are forced to live beyond their estate, and do get nothing by his being a courtier. The lady I pity, and her family. 4th. To my Lord Crewe's, and there did stay with him an hour till almost night, discoursing about the ill state of my Lord Sandwich, that he can neither be got to be called home, nor money got to maintain him there; [In Spain.] which will ruin his family. And the tr…
Pepys visits Audley End and praises its gallery and cellars but criticizes decayed interiors, then travels through Stortford to Cambridge and onwards to Huntingdon and Brampton, enjoying family visits and noting financial strains among relatives.
new play, and is said now-a-days to have generally most company, as being better players. By and by into the pit, and there saw the play, which is pretty good. 7th. I and my wife, and Willet, [Mrs. Pepys's maid.] set out in a coach I have hired with four horses; and W. Hewer and Murford rode by us on horse-back; and before night come to Bishop- Stafford. [Stortford.] Took coach to Audly-End, and did go all over …
At Hinchingbroke in the night Pepys and his father dig up buried gold, mishandle the location and damage the bags and notes, discover shortages, and then spend hours sifting and washing pieces to recover most of the cache.
two, if the pieces will be broke. But the house is most excellently furnished, and brave rooms and good pictures, so that it do please me infinitely beyond Audley End. 10th. Up, to walk up and down in the garden with my father, to talk of all our concernments: about a husband for my sister, whereof there is at present no appearance; but we must endeavour to find her one now, for she grows old and ugly. My father …
On 30th Pepys joins a parish procession-day dinner and then gives a bleak political summary: poverty, an unpaid fleet, parliamentary delay of money, and harsh legislation against Nonconformists.
Mr. Brouncker to protect him, with teares in his eyes the King did say he could not, and bid him shift for himself, at least till the House is up. 30th. To the Dolphin Tavern, there to meet on neighbours all of the parish, this being Procession-day, to dine. And did: and much very good discourse; they being most of them very able merchants, as any in the City; Sir Andrew Rickard, Mr. Vandeputt, Sir John Frederick…
At Bath’s Cross Bath Pepys soaks in the hot waters, watches high-status visitors and music, then travels in coach to Bristol, touring the quay and shipbuilding and giving to local poor.
expected, but yet pleasant; and the town most of stone, and clean, though the streets generally narrow. I home, and being weary, went to bed without supper; the rest supping. 13th. Saturday. Up at four o'clock, being by appointment called up to the Cross Bath; where we were carried after one another, myself and wife and Betty Turner, Willet, and W. Hewer. And by and by, though we designed to have done before comp…
Telemachus replies to Minerva that Ulysses has vanished and left him with only grief, while Ithacan and island chiefs consume his estate by pressuring Penelope to remarry.
of his own? And the guests—how atrociously they are behaving; what riot they make over the whole house; it is enough to disgust any respectable person who comes near them.” “Sir,” said Telemachus, “as regards your question, so long as my father was here it was well with us and with the house, but the gods in their displeasure have willed it otherwise, and have hidden him away more closely than mortal man was ever ye…
Telemachus argues to the Ithacans that suitors pressure Penelope and devastate his estate; Antinous blames Penelope’s delaying tactics, and omens of two eagles alarm the crowd.
us, or would he speak upon some other matter of public moment? I am sure he is an excellent person, and I hope Jove will grant him his heart’s desire.” Telemachus took this speech as of good omen and rose at once, for he was bursting with what he had to say. He stood in the middle of the assembly and the good herald Pisenor brought him his staff. Then, turning to Aegyptius, “Sir,” said he, “it is I, as you will shor…
Halitherses interprets the eagles as proof that Odysseus is near and will bring death, but Eurymachus dismisses omens and urges Telemachus to send his mother back so the suitors can keep consuming his estate.
asked each other what all this might be; whereon Halitherses, who was the best prophet and reader of omens among them, spoke to them plainly and in all honesty, saying: “Hear me, men of Ithaca, and I speak more particularly to the suitors, for I see mischief brewing for them. Ulysses is not going to be away much longer; indeed he is close at hand to deal out death and destruction, not on them alone, but on many anot…
Penelope recounts her promised remarriage under pressure and criticizes suitors for consuming her household’s property without proper courting gifts, while Antinous authorizes her to accept presents and keeps them waiting until she marries; the suitors continue dancing and lighting braziers.
has had such a thrashing that he cannot stand on his feet nor get back to his home, wherever that may be, for he has no strength left in him.” Thus did they converse. Eurymachus then came up and said, “Queen Penelope, daughter of Icarius, if all the Achaeans in Iasian Argos could see you at this moment, you would have still more suitors in your house by tomorrow morning, for you are the most admirable woman in the w…
Telemachus privately questions the disguised Athene about the wooers’ violent ruin and his father’s loss, contrasting her household concern with the wooers’ songs and leisure, and explaining that they consume the estate.
and placed by them platters of divers kinds of flesh, and nigh them he set golden bowls, and a henchman walked to and fro pouring out to them the wine. Then in came the lordly wooers; and they sat them down in rows on chairs, and on high seats, and henchmen poured water on their hands, and maidservants piled wheaten bread by them in baskets, and pages crowned the bowls with drink; and they stretched forth their hand…
Telemachus describes how once the house was rich under Odysseus but now the wooers court and waste it, while Penelope refuses no hated marriage; Athene rebukes him and urges plans and travel, including consulting Nestor and Menelaus.
they seem to me to revel wantonly through the house: and well might any man be wroth to see so many deeds of shame, whatso wise man came among them.” Then wise Telemachus answered her, and said: “Sir, forasmuch as thou questionest me of these things and inquirest thereof, our house was once like to have been rich and honourable, while yet that man was among his people. But now the gods willed it otherwise, in evil p…
Telemachus explains to Ithacans that his father Odysseus is gone, and that Penelope’s suitors waste the household and harass his mother, threatening the family’s wealth and future; he warns of divine anger.
to speak, and he stood in mid assembly; and the herald Peisenor, skilled in sage counsels, placed the staff in his hands. Then he spake, accosting the old man first: “Old man, he is not far off, and soon shalt thou know it for thyself, he who called the folk together, even I: for sorrow hath come to me in chief. Neither have I heard any tidings of the host now returning, which I may plainly declare to you, for that …
In Hades, the ghost of Agamemnon praises Penelope’s faithful virtue and condemns Clytemnestra’s treachery, then Odysseus returns to Laertes’ farm where his old father’s grief and poverty are shown.
nought, even they who might wash the black-clotted blood out of our wounds, and lay out the bodies and wail the dirge, for that is the due of the dead.” Then the ghost of the son of Atreus answered him: “Ah, happy son of Laertes, Odysseus of many devices, yea, for a wife most excellent hast thou gotten, so good was the wisdom of constant Penelope, daughter of Icarius, that was duly mindful of Odysseus, her wedded lo…
Darwin argues that domestic animals’ ability to withstand very different climates and remain fertile suggests many wild animals could be adapted broadly, though complex origins from multiple wild stocks and human transport matter.
to their native climate, but in all ordinary cases we assume such to be the case; nor do we know that they have subsequently become acclimatised to their new homes. As I believe that our domestic animals were originally chosen by uncivilised man because they were useful and bred readily under confinement, and not because they were subsequently found capable of far-extended transportation, I think the common and extr…
Darwin supports his argument with examples—whales in the upper greensand before tertiary, cirripedes in secondary chalk despite earlier claims, and teleost fishes in the Chalk—showing missing fossils can mislead.
read in the Supplement to Lyell’s ‘Manual,’ published in 1858, clear evidence of the existence of whales in the upper greensand, some time before the close of the secondary period. I may give another instance, which from having passed under my own eyes has much struck me. In a memoir on Fossil Sessile Cirripedes, I have stated that, from the number of existing and extinct tertiary species; from the extraordinary abu…
He traces postwar developments from political voting hopes to the “ideal of book-learning,” describing schooling efforts alongside poverty, ignorance, and social repression shaped by prejudice and humiliation.
to have been discovered the mountain path to Canaan; longer than the highway of Emancipation and law, steep and rugged, but straight, leading to heights high enough to overlook life. Up the new path the advance guard toiled, slowly, heavily, doggedly; only those who have watched and guided the faltering feet, the misty minds, the dull understandings, of the dark pupils of these schools know how faithfully, how piteo…
Du Bois places the Bureau’s work in the late 1860s conflict—Thirteenth through Fifteenth Amendment era—arguing that war’s violence, poverty, and hostility doomed its efforts at social reconstruction and education.
General Howard has said, “scarcely any subject that has to be legislated upon in civil society failed, at one time or another, to demand the action of this singular Bureau.” To understand and criticise intelligently so vast a work, one must not forget an instant the drift of things in the later sixties. Lee had surrendered, Lincoln was dead, and Johnson and Congress were at loggerheads; the Thirteenth Amendment was …
Du Bois assesses Bureau policies on land, labor, and schooling: it limited peasant-proprietor success, spent heavily on education, supported prominent educators, and distributed money to Black soldiers despite recurring fraud.
were the tyrant and the idler,—the slaveholder who was determined to perpetuate slavery under another name; and, the freedman who regarded freedom as perpetual rest,—the Devil and the Deep Sea. In the work of establishing the Negroes as peasant proprietors, the Bureau was from the first handicapped and at last absolutely checked. Something was done, and larger things were planned; abandoned lands were leased so long…
Du Bois describes the log schoolhouse, its rough furniture and unreliable benches, then portrays the first day of class with children eager to learn, alongside absences caused by work and domestic duties.
reality was rough plank benches without backs, and at times without legs. They had the one virtue of making naps dangerous,—possibly fatal, for the floor was not to be trusted. It was a hot morning late in July when the school opened. I trembled when I heard the patter of little feet down the dusty road, and saw the growing row of dark solemn faces and bright eager eyes facing me. First came Josie and her brothers a…
Returning near Fisk University, Du Bois learns Josie is dead, Jim has stolen wheat and ended up in Lebanon jail, Josie toils in Nashville, and later Lizzie bears a child out of wedlock.
the carpenter, built a new house with six rooms; Josie toiled a year in Nashville, and brought back ninety dollars to furnish the house and change it to a home. When the spring came, and the birds twittered, and the stream ran proud and full, little sister Lizzie, bold and thoughtless, flushed with the passion of youth, bestowed herself on the tempter, and brought home a nameless child. Josie shivered and worked on,…
Du Bois explains why cabins stay poor and crowded—legacy of slavery, low demands shaped by habit, landlords’ failure to invest, and the labor incentives produced by tenancy—then describes how labor and economics break family groups.
a cabin kept scrupulously neat, with merry steaming fireplaces and hospitable door; but the majority are dirty and dilapidated, smelling of eating and sleeping, poorly ventilated, and anything but homes. Above all, the cabins are crowded. We have come to associate crowding with homes in cities almost exclusively. This is primarily because we have so little accurate knowledge of country life. Here in Dougherty County…
Du Bois characterizes the county’s Black population as poor and largely illiterate, explains that most people are hardworking farmers rather than lazy, and lists their limited occupational variety and lack of a leisure class.
now most marriage ceremonies are performed by the pastors. Nevertheless, the evil is still deep seated, and only a general raising of the standard of living will finally cure it. Looking now at the county black population as a whole, it is fair to characterize it as poor and ignorant. Perhaps ten per cent compose the well-to-do and the best of the laborers, while at least nine per cent are thoroughly lewd and viciou…
Despite generally fertile land, two-thirds of it yields only one crop that keeps laborers in debt; Du Bois illustrates with a formerly enslaved man still stuck under rent of cotton, and concludes with the tragedy of freedmen abandoning the hoe.
tools to relieve its burdensome drudgery. But with all this, it is work in the pure open air, and this is something in a day when fresh air is scarce. The land on the whole is still fertile, despite long abuse. For nine or ten months in succession the crops will come if asked: garden vegetables in April, grain in May, melons in June and July, hay in August, sweet potatoes in September, and cotton from then to Christ…
He argues the debt-mortgage system forces an all-cotton farming scheme, bankrupting tenants, and supports it with a 1898 example where many tenant families ended the year deeply in debt in Dougherty County.
the landowner his rent, subtracts his bill for supplies, and if, as sometimes happens, there is anything left, he hands it over to the black serf for his Christmas celebration. The direct result of this system is an all-cotton scheme of agriculture and the continued bankruptcy of the tenant. The currency of the Black Belt is cotton. It is a crop always salable for ready money, not usually subject to great yearly flu…
Du Bois rejects the “shiftless” stereotype offered by white “car-window sociologists,” portraying careless field behavior as rooted in lack of incentives under tenant terms, and frames conflict over responsibility to build a path toward economic classes.
is this? Why do not the Negroes become land-owners, and build up the black landed peasantry, which has for a generation and more been the dream of philanthropist and statesman? To the car-window sociologist, to the man who seeks to understand and know the South by devoting the few leisure hours of a holiday trip to unravelling the snarl of centuries,—to such men very often the whole trouble with the black field-hand…
He lays out Dougherty County’s economic stratification among Black field workers—croppers, metayers, semi-metayers/wage laborers, renters, and a small “Upper Ten” of freeholders—and explains how tenant insecurity and rack-rent keep most people trapped.
All social struggle is evidenced by the rise, first of economic, then of social classes, among a homogeneous population. To-day the following economic classes are plainly differentiated among these Negroes. A “submerged tenth” of croppers, with a few paupers; forty per cent who are metayers and thirty-nine per cent of semi-metayers and wage-laborers. There are left five per cent of money-renters and six per cent of …
Du Bois traces Black landholding growth in Dougherty County (from zero landholders in 1870 to thousands of acres by 1890–1900), while noting panics, cotton price swings, and assessment uncertainties weaken long-term capital stability.
all things to the will of the landlords.” On this low plane half the black population of Dougherty County—perhaps more than half the black millions of this land—are to-day struggling. A degree above these we may place those laborers who receive money wages for their work. Some receive a house with perhaps a garden-spot; then supplies of food and clothing are advanced, and certain fixed wages are given at the end of …
He argues that despite impressive saving efforts, only about six percent become peasant proprietors and many fall back into serfdom, concluding that increased landholding often leads to migration to town and implies social problems move with residents.
and 1893, a fifth between 1884 and 1890, and the rest between 1870 and 1884. In all, one hundred and eighty-five Negroes have owned land in this county since 1875. If all the black land-owners who had ever held land here had kept it or left it in the hands of black men, the Negroes would have owned nearer thirty thousand acres than the fifteen thousand they now hold. And yet these fifteen thousand acres are a credit…
Du Bois argues that public schools are the best means to build self-respecting citizens, citing extreme Georgia funding disparities between white and Negro schools, and urges national help for popular education to avert crime and listlessness.
for reformatories, which has gone on in Virginia, Georgia, and other States, is the one encouraging sign of the awakening of some communities to the suicidal results of this policy. It is the public schools, however, which can be made, outside the homes, the greatest means of training decent self-respecting citizens. We have been so hotly engaged recently in discussing trade-schools and the higher education that the…
He contrasts the lack of social intimacy between races with Southern generosity toward Black people in charity and relief, then argues that lasting progress requires class cooperation and sympathy, not almsgiving.
halls and magazine articles and speeches,—one can imagine the consequences of the almost utter absence of such social amenities between estranged races, whose separation extends even to parks and streetcars. Here there can be none of that social going down to the people,—the opening of heart and hand of the best to the worst, in generous acknowledgment of a common humanity and a common destiny. On the other hand, in…
Jacob proposes a new wage arrangement: only speckled/party and black among lambs and kids; he uses peeled rods to influence breeding, becomes exceedingly wealthy with flocks, servants, camels, and asses.
If I have found favour in thy sight (for I suppose that the LORD {|God|} hath blessed me for thy sake) appoint what thy reward shall be, and I will give it thee. But he said unto him, thou knowest what service I have done thee, and in what taking thy cattle have been under me: For it was but little that thou hadst before I came, and now it is increased into a multitude, and the LORD hath blessed thee for my sake. But…
It commands bodily separation for Israel (no self-cutting or baldness for the dead), defines clean and unclean foods and birds, allows certain dead animals only for foreigners or sale, forbids seething a kid in its mother’s milk, and sets tithing and a three-year tithe cycle for the needy.
Ye are the children of the LORD your God, cut not your selves nor make you any baldness between the eyes for any man's death. For thou art an holy people unto the LORD thy God, and the LORD hath chosen thee to be a several people unto himself, of all the nations that are upon the earth. Ye shall eat no manner of abomination. These are the beasts which ye shall eat of: oxen, sheep and goats, hart, roe and bugle, hart …
Divorce procedures require a bill and prevent remarriage to the first husband after a second marriage, along with a one-year exemption for newlyweds, pledge limits, anti-theft penalties, leprosy observance, fair lending, and gleaning for the poor.
When a man hath taken a wife and married her, if she find no favour in his eyes, because he hath spied some uncleanness in her: Then let him write her a bill of divorcement and put it in her hand and send her out of his house. If when she is departed out of his house, she go and be another man's wife and the second husband hate her and write her a letter of divorcement and put it in her hand and send her out of his h…
Jesus blesses children, confronts a wealthy young man about keeping commandments and selling possessions, teaches that wealth hinders entry to the kingdom, promises rewards to his followers, and tells the parable of vineyard workers.
which be made chaste of men. And there be chaste, which have made themselves chaste for the kingdom of heavens' sake. He that can take it let him take it. Then were brought to him young children, that he should put his hands on them and pray. And his disciples rebuked them. Iesus said unto them: suffer the children, and forbid them not to come to me, for unto such belongeth the kingdom of heaven. And when he had put…
Jesus tells the disciples it is extremely hard for the rich to enter God’s kingdom, promises a reward for those who forsake things for the Gospel, predicts events leading to Jerusalem, and answers James and John’s request for seats of honor with a lesson on servanthood and suffering.
receive the kingdom of God as a child, he shall not enter therein. And he took them up in his arms, and put his hands upon them, and blessed them. And when he was come out into the way, there came one running and kneeled to him, and asked him: Good Master, what shall I do, that I may inherit eternal life? Iesus said to him: why callest thou me good? there is no man good but one, which is God. Thou knowest the comman…
Paul praises the Philippians for renewed support, explains his contentment through Christ, thanks God, and then begins his letter to the Colossians with thanksgiving for faith, love, and hope in heaven.
shew your petition unto God in prayer and supplication with giving of thanks. And the peace of God which passeth all understanding keep your hearts, and minds in Christ Iesu. Furthermore brethren, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things pertain to love, whatsoever things are of honest report, if there be any virtuous thing, i…
The passage condemns rich people for hoarding wealth and harming laborers, calls for patient endurance before the Lord, and instructs believers on swearing, prayer for healing, and restoring those who stray.
The .v. Chapter. Go to now ye rich men. Weep, and howl on your wretchedness that shall come upon you. Your riches is corrupt, your garments are motheaten. Your gold and your silver are cankered, and the rust of them shall be a witness unto you, and shall eat your flesh as it were fire. Ye have heaped treasure together in your last days: Behold the hire of the laborers which have reaped down your fields (which hire i…
From Tarraco Scipio visits allied states and winter quarters, praises soldiers, and returns; meanwhile Carthaginian blockades around Tarentum cause severe Roman provisioning shortages for nearby garrisons.
great confidence he had in his own talents, that no presumptuous expression ever escaped him; and in every thing he said there appeared at once the greatest majesty and sincerity. 20. Setting out from Tarraco, he visited the states of his allies and the winter quarters of his army; and bestowed the highest commendations upon the soldiers, because, though they had received two such disastrous blows in succession, the…
Douglass describes his childhood on Colonel Lloyd’s plantation—hunger, cold, and meager food—then explains how he is sent to Baltimore and spends three joyful days washing and preparing for the move.
As to my own treatment while I lived on Colonel Lloyd’s plantation, it was very similar to that of the other slave children. I was not old enough to work in the field, and there being little else than field work to do, I had a great deal of leisure time. The most I had to do was to drive up the cows at evening, keep the fowls out of the garden, keep the front yard clean, and run of errands for my old master’s daughte…
Douglass dates his move to St. Michael’s in March 1832, describes new hunger under Master Thomas Auld, and explains how enslaved people are forced to beg and steal for food.
I have now reached a period of my life when I can give dates. I left Baltimore, and went to live with Master Thomas Auld, at St. Michael’s, in March, 1832. It was now more than seven years since I lived with him in the family of my old master, on Colonel Lloyd’s plantation. We of course were now almost entire strangers to each other. He was to me a new master, and I to him a new slave. I was ignorant of his temper an…
Frederick becomes a skilled calker earning high wages, yet his master compels him to surrender every Saturday’s earnings; he explains that improved conditions increase his desire for freedom.
was nothing done, and probably nothing would have been done if I had been killed. Such was, and such remains, the state of things in the Christian city of Baltimore. Master Hugh, finding he could get no redress, refused to let me go back again to Mr. Gardner. He kept me himself, and his wife dressed my wound till I was again restored to health. He then took me into the ship-yard of which he was foreman, in the emplo…
Douglass explains how he repeatedly changed his name from Bailey to Johnson to Douglass in New Bedford, then revises his expectations by describing northern wealth, refinement, and clean living.
and grandeur of southern slaveholders. Such being my conjectures, any one acquainted with the appearance of New Bedford may very readily infer how palpably I must have seen my mistake. In the afternoon of the day when I reached New Bedford, I visited the wharves, to take a view of the shipping. Here I found myself surrounded with the strongest proofs of wealth. Lying at the wharves, and riding in the stream, I saw m…
He finds work stowing a sloop with oil, struggles with prejudice against Black calkers, takes up other labor, and soon becomes a subscriber to The Liberator, whose anti-slavery attacks energize him.
not been seen in New Bedford since. I believe there have been no more such threats, and should there be hereafter, I doubt not that death would be the consequence. I found employment, the third day after my arrival, in stowing a sloop with a load of oil. It was new, dirty, and hard work for me; but I went at it with a glad heart and a willing hand. I was now my own master. It was a happy moment, the rapture of which…
Herzl argues Hungary’s legal mixed-marriage sanction is counterproductive because a baptized Jew married a Jewish woman, and he predicts prejudice will block absorption unless Jews gain economic power.
a Jewess. At the same time the struggle to obtain the present form of marriage accentuated distinctions between Jews and Christians, thus hindering rather than aiding the fusion of races. Those who really wished to see the Jews disappear through intermixture with other nations, can only hope to see it come about in one way. The Jews must previously acquire economic power sufficiently great to overcome the old social…
Herzl responds to fears among “assimilated” French Jews, claiming a Jewish State would end anti-Semitism, stabilize a Jewish working class, and reduce anti-Jewish philanthropic colonization schemes’ unintended harm.
of numberless Jews who refused to despair, I am trying once more to prove in this pamphlet. Whole branches of Judaism may wither and fall, but the trunk will remain. Hence, if all or any of the French Jews protest against this scheme on account of their own "assimilation," my answer is simple: The whole thing does not concern them at all. They are Jewish Frenchmen, well and good! This is a private affair for the Jew…
Herzl describes widespread Jewish persecution and exclusion, asks whether Jews should “get out” and where, argues patience will not change anti-Semitic sentiment, and surveys past failed solutions like colonization and forced peasantry.
Or, may we yet remain? And, how long? Let us first settle the point of staying where we are. Can we hope for better days, can we possess our souls in patience, can we wait in pious resignation till the princes and peoples of this earth are more mercifully disposed towards us? I say that we cannot hope for a change in the current of feeling. And why not? Even if we were as near to the hearts of princes as are their o…
Herzl rejects turning Jews into peasants as unrealistic and politically regressive, notes that peasant persistence depends on coercion, and argues that such experiments often occur where anti-Semitism is strongest.
take a single retrograde step. The mere preservation of obsolete institutions is a task severe enough to require the enforcement of all the despotic measures of an autocratically governed State. Are we, therefore, to credit Jews who are intelligent with a desire to become peasants of the old type? One might just as well say to them: "Here is a cross-bow: now go to war!" What? With a cross-bow, while the others have …
Herzl says pregnant women are relieved from all arduous work, describes relief by labor as used in Paris and elsewhere, and argues that a new society allows large-scale unskilled work and profit-taking by the Company.
of good conduct. In this way we shall secure energetic and able men, and these men will be practically trained for life by three years of labor under good discipline. I said before that the Company would not have to pay these unskilled laborers. What will they live on? On the whole, I am opposed to the Truck system,[A] but it will have to be applied in the case of these first settlers. The Company provides for them…
Herzl claims Jewish emigration will not cause economic crises, will create prosperity via labor-market and trade effects, and will provide social relief while new technologies enable the model State’s continual reform.
Anti-Semites, pay certain attention to this scheme, and they may perhaps actually receive it here and there with a sympathy which they will also show to the Society of Jews. For the emigration which I suggest will not create any economic crises. Such crises as would follow everywhere in consequence of Jew-baiting would rather be prevented by the carrying out of my plan. A great period of prosperity would commence in…
He criticizes removing judges for inability by vague tests, discusses New York’s rule that no man may be a judge beyond age sixty, and argues that long-serving judges should not be dismissed for the supposed danger of senility.
point which is consistent with the necessary independence of the judicial character, and is the only one which we find in our own Constitution in respect to our own judges. The want of a provision for removing the judges on account of inability has been a subject of complaint. But all considerate men will be sensible that such a provision would either not be practiced upon or would be more liable to abuse than calcu…
Sura LXX (in the selection) describes an appointed day of terror, where people seek redemption through kin but are dragged by punishment, contrasted with prayerful people who give a fixed portion of wealth.
On inwrought couches Reclining on them face to face: Aye-blooming youths go round about to them With goblets and ewers and a cup of flowing wine; Their brows ache not from it, nor fails the sense: And with such fruits as shall please them best, And with flesh of such birds, as they shall long for: And theirs shall be the Houris, with large dark eyes, like pearls hidden in their shells, In recompense of their…
A polemical introduction claims Muhammad likely acted from sincere religious convictions but also from self-deception, followed by Qur’anic-style warnings about judgment, resurrection, reward for believers, and punishments for deniers, with signs of nature and the afterlife described.
Truly then should I be in a manifest error. Verily, in your Lord have I believed; therefore hear me."8 –It was said to him, "Enter thou into Paradise:" And he said, "Oh that my people knew How gracious God hath been to me, and that He hath made me one of His honoured ones." But no army sent we down out of heaven after his death, nor were we then sending down our angels– There was but one shout from Gabriel, and …