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Often appears with: custom and the manners of a people · justice as a virtue · trade, markets, and merchants · counsel and advisers to rulers · fate, destiny, and necessity · education and the training of the young · hospitality and the guest · marriage and betrothal · forms of government · conquest, plunder, and captives · labor, wages, and the division of work · religious persecution and toleration
Usually: detachment (560) · narrative (484) · argument (476) · curiosity (325) · indignation (239) · censure (170) · injustice endured (151) · skepticism (145) · wonder (135) · description (102)
“There is nothing more necessary to appear to have than this last quality, inasmuch as men judge generally more by the eye than by the hand,” Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince · insight
“All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses, his real conditions of life, and his relations with his kind.” Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto · vivid
“Does it require deep intuition to comprehend that man’s ideas, views and conceptions, in one word, man’s consciousness, changes with every change in the conditions of his material existence, in his social relations and in his social life?” Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto · insight
“Albeit, the lash of proscription, to a man accustomed to equal social position, even for a time, as I was, has a sting for the soul hardly less severe than that which bites the flesh and draws the blood from the back of the plantation slave.” Frederick Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom · observation
“She chose death, rather than to go back into the hands of those christian slaveholders from whom she had escaped.” Frederick Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom · vivid
“Alone of all things they receive and hold Community of offspring, and they house Together in one city, and beneath The shelter of majestic laws they live;” Virgil, The Georgics · insight
“Between me and the other world there is ever an unasked question: unasked by some through feelings of delicacy; by others through the difficulty of rightly framing it.” W. E. B. Du Bois (William Edward Burghardt Du Bois), The Souls of Black Folk · observation
“It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one’s self through the eyes of others, of measuring one’s soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity.” W. E. B. Du Bois (William Edward Burghardt Du Bois), The Souls of Black Folk · insight
“Work, culture, liberty,—all these we need, not singly but together, not successively but together, each growing and aiding each, and all striving toward that vaster ideal that swims before the Negro people, the ideal of human brotherhood.” W. E. B. Du Bois (William Edward Burghardt Du Bois), The Souls of Black Folk · precept
“Thus, then and now, there stand in the South two separate worlds; and separate not simply in the higher realms of social intercourse, but also in church and school, on railway and street-car, in hotels and theatres, in streets and city sections, in books and newspapers, in asylums and jails, in hospitals and graveyards.” W. E. B. Du Bois (William Edward Burghardt Du Bois), The Souls of Black Folk · vivid
“This is the Land of the Unfenced, where crouch on either hand scores of ugly one-room cabins, cheerless and dirty.” W. E. B. Du Bois (William Edward Burghardt Du Bois), The Souls of Black Folk · vivid
“It is a hard thing to live haunted by the ghost of an untrue dream; to see the wide vision of empire fade into real ashes and dirt; to feel the pang of the conquered, and yet know that with all the Bad that fell on one black day, something was vanquished that deserved to live, something killed that in justice had not dared to die;” W. E. B. Du Bois (William Edward Burghardt Du Bois), The Souls of Black Folk · observation
Pepys wears a new silk suit for the first time, takes his wife to a wedding at Goring House with great state and company, and helps arrange that the King signs their bills.
Episcopalian and Presbyterian men. 23rd. By water to Doctors' Commons to Dr. Walker, [One of the Judges of the Admiralty.] to give him my Lord's papers to view over, concerning his being empowered to be Vice-Admiral under the Duke of York. Thence by water to White Hall, to the Parliament House, where I spoke with Colonel Birch, [Colonel John Birch represented Leominster at that time, and afterwards Penryn. He wa…
Pepys notes a Kentish Knock during a voyage, hears that the King knighted Vice-admiral Lawson and Sir Richard Stayner, and records Prince Rupert’s arrival at court and early October court and church visits.
Kentish Knock, which put them in great fear for the ship; but got off well. He told me also how the King had knighted Vice-admiral Lawson and Sir Richard Stayner. 29th. This day or yesterday, I hear, Prince Rupert is come to Court; but welcome to nobody. [Son of Frederic, Prince Palatine of the Rhine, afterwards styled King of Bohemia, by Elizabeth, only sister to Charles I. Ob. 1682.] OCTOBER 2, 1660. At Will'…
Pepys attends plays “Beggars’ Bush” and “The Silent Woman,” notes women acting onstage for the first time, buys gilt plate for Lord offerings at Whitehall, and hears of Fifth Monarchy (“Fanatiques”) violence in the City and searches at night.
3rd. To the Theatre, where was acted "Beggars' Bush," it being very well done; and here the first time that ever I saw women come upon the stage. 4th. I had been early this morning at White Hall, at the Jewell Office, to choose a piece of gilt plate for my Lord, in returne of his offering to the King (which it seems is usual at this time of year, and an Earle gives twenty pieces in gold in a purse to the King). I …
On June 3, 1662, Pepys’s office receives Coventry’s appointment as commissioner of the Navy, he describes the Queen’s civil treatment by his wife’s party, and he reports major City honors despite their chamber’s poverty and need for raised fines.
JUNE 3, 1662. At the office, and Mr. Coventry brought his patent and took his place with us this morning. To the Wardrobe, where I found my lady come from Hampton Court, where the Queene hath used her very civilly; and my lady tells me is a most pretty woman. Yesterday (Sir R. Ford told me) the aldermen of the City did attend her in their habits, and did present her with a gold cupp and 1000l. in gold therein. But…
From late August to early November 1662, Pepys describes French and English church worship at the Savoy, attends theatre performances, travels by horseback to Cambridge and Brampton, holds votes and property legal actions, and learns of court faction and security alarms.
man's mind, and have also in Holland their poor's box; in both which places at the making all contracts and bargains they give so much, which they call God's penny. 24th. To my Lord Crewe's, and there dined alone with him, and among other things, he do advise me by all means to keep my Lord Sandwich from proceeding too far in the business of Tangier. First, for that he is confident the King will not be able to find…
Pepys visits the Russia Embassador at York House, observes how Court business is neglected, discusses Court rumours about the Queen and her changing behaviour, attends plays, and buys a vizard for his wife.
from Ireland; which it seems hath been hatching, and known to the Lord Lieutenant a great while, and kept close till within three days that it should have taken effect. 4th. In the Hall a good while; where I heard that this day the Archbishop of Canterbury, Juxon, [William Juxon, made Bishop of London 1633, translated to Canterbury, 1660.] a man well spoken of by all for a good man, is dead; and the Bishop of Lond…
Pepys records public reaction to Portugal’s victory over Spain and later criticizes Parliament’s funding delays and court extravagance, especially the King’s attention to Castlemaine and Stewart.
ordinary charge of it, and that to be settled upon the Customes. The King gets greatly taken up with Madam Castlemaine and Mrs. Stewart, which Heaven put an end to! JULY 1, 1663. Being in the Parliament lobby, I there saw my Lord of Bristoll come to the Commons House to give his answer to their question, about some words he should tell the King that were spoke by Sir Richard Temple. A chair was set at the bar of t…
Pepys quotes Sir G. Carteret’s assessment of Lord Digby’s speaking style, hears that Lady Castlemaine has fallen from Court, and attends St. Mary Overy’s Church while moving through Southwark.
but could not see the Archbishop's hearse: so over the fields to Southwarke. I spent half an hour in St. Mary Overy's Church, where are fine monuments of great antiquity. 4th. Sir Allen Apsley [Sir Allen Apsley, a faithful adherent to Charles I., after the Restoration was made Falconer to the King, and Almoner to the Duke of York in whose regiment he bore a commission. He was in 1661 M.P. for Thetford, and died 16…
Pepys reports rumors that the King is colder toward Castlemaine, notes Bristoll’s planned impeachment of the Chancellor, and later records the King’s carriage visits and the Queen-mother’s court presence.
bring in their opinion, Whether these articles are treason, or no? and next, they would know, Whether they were brought in regularly or no, without leave of the Lords' House? 11th. By barge to St. Mary's Creeke; where Commissioner Pett, (doubtful of the growing greatnesse of Portsmouth by the finding of those creekes there,) do design a wett docke at no great charge, and yet no little one; he thinks towards 10,000l…
Pepys notes court hospitality and shifting favor, hears Castlemaine’s influence has revived, and then records his travel to Epsom and its Wells amid crowds and wagers about the best social visitors.
them of and killed many of them. To-morrow the King and Queene for certain go down to Tunbridge. But the King comes back again against Monday to raise the Parliament. 25th. Having intended this day to go to Banstead Downes to see a famous race, I sent Will. to get himself ready to go with me: but I hear it is put off, because the Lords do sit in Parliament to-day. After some debate, Creed and I resolved to go to C…
At a dinner with the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, Pepys discusses the age and symbolism of the Lord Mayor’s swords and London’s waterworks costs, hears Irish political news about restored rebel lands, and reads newsbooks and a Bristoll arrest proclamation.
and M.P. for Winchester in James II.'s Parliament. Ob. 1704 aged 88.] This day I read a Proclamation for calling in and commanding every body to apprehend my Lord Bristoll. 5th. I did inform myself well in things relating to the East Indys; both of the country, and the disappointment the King met with the last voyage, by the knavery of the Portugall Viceroy, and the inconsiderableness of the place of Bombaim, [Bomb…
Pepys describes the Lord Mayor’s banquet preparations and awkward dining arrangements, while the Queen’s recovery continues amid ongoing delirious talk about children.
the physician feeling her pulse, thinking to be better able to judge, she being still and asleep, waked her, and the first word she said was, "How do the children?" 29th. To Guild Hall; and meeting with Mr. Proby, (Sir R. Ford's son,) and Lieutenant-Colonel Baron, a City commander, we went up and down to see the tables; where under every salt there was a bill of fare, and at the end of the table the persons proper …
Pepys records scientific talk on sinking ships and AURUM FULMINANS, notes his queen’s birthday celebrations with guns and bonfires, and reports governance discussions about credit and potential quarantine measures.
and it was pleasant to see how Blackburne himself did act it, how when the Commissioners of the Admiralty would enquire of the captains and admirals of such and such men, how they would with a sigh and casting up the eyes say, "such a man fears the Lord," or, "I hope such a man hath the Spirit of God." But he tells me that there was a cruel articling against Pen after one fight, for cowardice, in putting himself wit…
Pepys notes political tension in Parliament and royal favor, then records visiting Covent Garden coffee-house, examining students at St. Paul’s School, hearing gossip about Charles II’s affairs, and Dutch threats in India affecting English merchants.
business runs high between the Chancellor and my Lord Bristoll against the Parliament; and that my Lord Lauderdale and Cooper open high against the Chancellor; which I am sorry for. 3rd. In Covent Garden to-night, going to fetch my wife, I stopped at the great Coffee-house there, where I never was before: where Dryden the poet (I knew at Cambridge), and all the wits of the town, and Harris the player, and Mr. Hool…
Pepys relays King’s and Coventry’s conversation on differing kinds of valour, contrasting figures like Blake, Prince Rupert, and Teviott, then continues with Sandwich’s party at Trinity House.
us look to ourselves, for it was this day three years that so many brave Englishmen were knocked on the head by the Moores, when Fines made his sally out." 4th. Mr. Coventry discoursing this noon about Sir W. Batten, (what a sad fellow he is!) told me how the King told him the other day how Sir W. Batten, being in the ship with him and Prince Rupert when they expected to fight with Warwicke, did walk up and down sw…
Pepys describes further Dutch war gossip, court wit about ‘Old Pen,’ a reported marriage of widow Lady Gold to Neale, and arrangements for Lord Sandwich’s ship visit with planned royal touring.
fifty men of his own ship, of the plague, at Cales: that the Holland Embassador here do endeavour to sweeten us with fair words; and things like to be peaceable. 20th. I to the Duke, where we did our usual business. And among other discourse of the Dutch, he was merrily saying how they print that Prince Rupert, Duke of Albemarle, and my Lord Sandwich, are to be Generalls; and soon after is to follow them "Vieux Pe…
Pepys tours the Queen’s bedchamber and closet and the King’s treasures, noting religious objects and valuable rarities, then visits Sandwich’s house and comments on portraits and Lady Castlemaine’s picture.
it being worse with tampering. [She married, first, Nicholas, son and heir of Sir N. Bacon, K.B.; and secondly the Rev. Mr. Gardeman; and lived to be 96, dying 1757.] JULY 4, 1664. This day the King and the Queenes went to visit my Lord Sandwich and the fleet, going forth in the Hope. 7th. The King is pretty well to-day, though let blood the night before yesterday. 10th. My Lady Sandwich showed us my Lady Castl…
Pepys reports Tower-checked Weekly Bill totals of deaths and plague, then tours Sir Robert Vyner’s Swakeley House and its wealth, portraits, and curiosities, and returns to Woolwich late at night.
with me; telling me that he is certainly informed, that the Dutch were not come home upon the 1st instant, and so he hopes our fleet may meet with them. 7th. To the Tower, and there sent for the Weekly Bill, and find 8252 dead in all, and of them 6978 of the plague; which is a most dreadful number, and shows reason to fear that the plague hath got that hold that it will yet continue amongst us. To Swakely [Swakele…
Pepys visits Sir William Hickes at his estate, criticizes the neglected, decaying house and mean dinner, and notes only a fine portrait by Van Dyck as the pleasant exception.
out-done, was the crown of all our mirth. In this humour we sat till about ten at night, and so my Lord and his mistress home, and we to bed. 13th. My Lord Brouncker, Sir J. Minnes, and I took boat, and in my Lord's coach to Sir W. Hickes's, [Sir William Hickes, created a baronet 1619. Ob. 1680, aged 84. His country-seat was called Ruckholts, or Rookwood, at Layton, in Essex, where he entertained King Charles II.…
Pepys fears the Poll Bill will tax him heavily, notes Parliament passes an Assessment and a justice-of-peace bill for officeholders, and then walks with Roger Pepys discussing Parliament’s ill humors and court ladies.
man of fine conversation; and so is Rolt. Among other things, Harris sung his Irish song, the strangest in itself and the prettiest sung by him that ever I heard. 25th. This afternoon I saw the Poll Bill, now printed; wherein I do fear I shall be very deeply concerned, being to be taxed for all my offices, and then for my money that I have, and my title as well as my head. It is a very great tax; but yet I do thin…
Pepys describes money and naval manpower problems with merchant ships, news of the Dutch fleet near English ports, court disorder and Danish courtly gossip, and a recounting of the capture of the Royal Charles.
eyes might see them: which put me into trouble, and presently cast about how to have it back again to secure it here, the times being a little better now. 20th. Mr. Barber told me that all the discourse yesterday, about that part of the town where he was, was that Mr. Pett and I were in the Tower; and I did hear the same before. Busy all the afternoon: in the evening did treat with, and in the end agree, but by s…
Pepys witnesses disputes over the King’s lack of linen, explains how grooms likely skim the royal textiles quarterly, debates Treasury answers about Sandwich’s wardrobe profits, and watches court tennis and the King’s weight-checking.
the King having at this day no hankerchers, and but three bands to his neck, he swore. Mr. Townsend pleaded want of money and the owing of the linendraper 5000l.; and that he hath of late got many rich things made, beds and sheets and saddles, without money; and that he can go no further: but still this old man (indeed like an old loving servant) did cry out for the King's person to be neglected. But when he was gone…
Pepys describes court dinner customs, foreign visitors (Russian envoys), ceremonial clothing lent from the royal wardrobe, and dinner anecdotes including the execution and mutilation of a prisoner at Salisbury.
more believe than the other, it being very wise in her to do it and save all she hath, besides easing the King and kingdom of a burden and reproach. 8th. Lord Brouncker says he do believe that my Lady Castlemaine is compounding with the King for a pension, and to leave the Court; but that her demands are mighty high: but he believes the King is resolved, and so do everybody else I speak with, to do all possible to…
Pepys visits Audley End and praises its gallery and cellars but criticizes decayed interiors, then travels through Stortford to Cambridge and onwards to Huntingdon and Brampton, enjoying family visits and noting financial strains among relatives.
new play, and is said now-a-days to have generally most company, as being better players. By and by into the pit, and there saw the play, which is pretty good. 7th. I and my wife, and Willet, [Mrs. Pepys's maid.] set out in a coach I have hired with four horses; and W. Hewer and Murford rode by us on horse-back; and before night come to Bishop- Stafford. [Stortford.] Took coach to Audly-End, and did go all over …
Pepys records celebrations and speeches praising his Parliamentary performance, discusses a Lords’ petition for precedence, and continues social and political activity in London’s official circles.
at conferences with the Lords did stand bare. It was mighty worth my hearing; but the King did say only that he would consider of it, and so dismissed them. 8th. With Sir W. Coventry, who I find full of care in his own business, how to defend himself against those that have a mind to cheque him; and though I believe not for honour and for the keeping his employment, but for safety and reputation's sake, is desirous…
Pepys reports Whitehall talk of anti-brothel “reformation and reducements,” talks with the Duke of York about Sir J. Minnes, and describes unrest by apprentice mobs causing deaths and property damage.
a mind to go; but he tells me they will not excuse him, and I believe it, and truly do judge it a piece of bad fortune to W. Pen. 25th. Up, and walked to White Hall, there to wait on the Duke of York; which I did: and in his chamber there, first by hearing the Duke of York call me by my name, my Lord Burlington did come to me and with great respect take notice of me and my relation to my Lord Sandwich, and express…
On 7th Pepys attends “The English Monsieur,” learns gossip about theatre succession and Castlemaine’s affair with Hart, then on 8th buys a recorder to learn music.
stepping with the Duke of York into St. James's Park, it rained; and I was forced to lend the Duke of York my cloak, which he wore through the Park. 7th. To the King's playhouse, and there saw "The English Monsieur" [A Comedy by James Howard.] (sitting for privacy sake in an upper box): the play hath much mirth in it as to that particular humour. After the play done I down to Knipp, and did stay her undressing h…
Pepys attends church and then visits theatres and court spectacles, including Sedley’s The Mulbery Garden, while commenting on court behavior and ongoing social gossip about judges and aristocratic affairs.
a shoulder-belt according to the new fashion, and the hands of my vest and tunique laced with silk-lace of the colour of my suit: and so very handsome to church. 18th. To my Lord Bellasses, at his new house by my late Lord Treasurer's; which indeed is mighty noble, and good pictures, indeed not one bad one in it. It being almost twelve o'clock, or little more, to the King's playhouse, where the doors were not then…
At the Committee of the Navy and with Sir W. Coventry, Pepys discusses disputes about Chatham yard, pensions for unemployed flag-officers, and watches his wife sit for a portrait.
with his round-table for him to sit in the middle, very convenient; and I borrowed several books of him, to collect things out of the Navy, which I have not. 6th. With Sir W. Coventry; and we walked in the Park together a good while. He mighty kind to me; and hear many pretty stories of my Lord Chancellor's being heretofore made sport of by Peter Talbot the priest, in his story of the death of Cardinal Bleau; by L…
Pepys decides to let his wife attend Stourbridge fair at Roger Pepys’s request, then reports meetings with the Duke of Richmond, Westminster officials, and Treasury commissioners amid patronage and administrative rivalries.
day I received so earnest an invitation again from Roger Pepys to come to Stourbridge-fair, that I resolve to let my wife go; which she shall do the next week. 9th. To the Duke of Richmond's lodgings by his desire by letter yesterday. I find him at his lodgings in the little building in the bowling-green at White Hall, that was begun to be built by Captain Rolt. They are fine rooms. I did hope to see his lady; b…
Pepys attends the theatre to see The Silent Woman, hears political news about secretaryship and parliamentary adjournment, then continues theatre and court talk while navigating court patronage, travel, and household expenses.
bricks upon an adventure with others, by which he presumed to have got a great deal of money: so that I see the most ingenious men may sometimes be mistaken. 27th. In the Park, where I met Mr. Wren; and he and I walked together in the Pell-Mell, it being most summer weather that ever was seen. And here talking of several things; of the corruption of the Court, and how unfit it is for ingenuous men, and himself par…
Pepys records a busy stretch: attending women’s day at the playhouse, discussing office management with the Duke of York, visiting aristocratic houses, hosting concerns about Sidney Montagu’s finances, and observing court-linked political appointments.
the French, who was used no otherwise, and who refuses now to take more of him, upon being desired thereto in order to the making an accommodation in this matter. 28th. Knipp's maid comes to me to tell me that the women's day at the playhouse is to-day, and that therefore I must be there to encrease their profit. By water to St. James's, and there had good opportunity of speaking with the Duke of York; who desires…
Pepys attends visits connected to Lord Sandwich and the French embassy circles, hears of Sir Gilbert Pickering’s death, and later accompanies Mr. Pierce toward Tyburn where executions are already completed.
on my Lord to Court, and there staid and saw the ladies awhile: and thence to my wife, and took them up; and so home, and to supper and bed. 23rd. To my Lord Sandwich's, where I find my Lord within, but busy private; and so I staid a little talking with the young gentlemen, and so away with Mr. Pierce the surgeon towards Tyburne, to see the people executed; but came too late, it being done: two men and a woman han…
Pepys manages disputes at the Board, seeks horses for his coach, writes a letter about the Controller’s business, continues plotting for parliamentary ambition, and reflects on his wife’s Catholicism and church attendance.
or my friends for me, have once expected; or, I think, than ever any of my family ever yet lived in my memory, but my cosen Pepys in Salisbury Court. 4th. Did wait as usual upon the Duke of York, where, upon discoursing something touching the Ticket-office, which by letter the Board did give the Duke of York their advice to be put upon Lord Brouncker, Sir J. Minnes did foolishly rise up and complain of the office, …
Pepys travels from Chatham toward Maidstone to visit local estates and monuments, admires the Medway and Sir John Bankes’s seat by the river, and views a supposed Saxon monument.
cold day; and so on, and got to Chatham just at night, with very good discourse by the way, but mostly of matters of religion, wherein Huchinson his vein lies. 24th. To the Hill house, and there did give order for a coach to be made ready; and got Mr. Gibson, whom I carried with me, to go with me and Mr. Coney, the surgeon, towards Maydstone; which I had a mighty mind to see. A mighty cold and windy, but clear day…
On May 1, 1669 Pepys and his wife parade their new livery through London despite dusty windy weather; on May 2 he visits Lord Sandwich at Whitehall and walks after church.
the ally, did hear them call their fat child Punch, which pleased me mightily, that word being become a word of common use for all that is thick and short. May 1, 1669. Up betimes. My wife extraordinary fine with her flowered tabby gown that she made two years ago, now laced exceeding pretty; and indeed was fine all over. And mighty earnest to go, though the day was very lowering; and she would have me put on my …
Pepys resolves to stop wearing gold-laced sleeves to avoid being noticed, gathers may-dew with his wife, hears news of pregnancies at court, visits Lambeth and witnesses a mocked Presbyterian sermon, and receives flattering talk about his navy office.
Park yesterday which vexed me also, so as to resolve never to appear in Court with them, but presently to have them taken off, as it is fit I should. 11th. My wife up by four o'clock, to go to gather May-dew. Some trouble at-Court for fear of the Queene's miscarrying; she being, as they all conclude, far gone with child. 12th. My brother John tells me the first news that my sister Jackson is with child and far g…
Pepys records Commons debate around an Act of Indemnity, then describes the King’s birthday celebrations at Whitehall (Whitsunday events, church music) and social outings to Hyde Park, ending with concern over his failing eyesight and changing how he keeps his diary.
respected therein: and so without further discourse we parted upon very good terms of respect, and with few words, but my mind not fully satisfied about the monies they mean. 29th. The King's birth-day. To White Hall, where all very gay; and particularly the Prince of Tuscany very fine, and is the first day of his appearing out of mourning since he came. I heard the Bishop of Peterborough [Joseph Henshaw. Ob. 16…
The editor argues Pepys was not plebeian despite his tailor father, traces family status from medieval Cambridge and Croyland bailiffs to later gentry, recounts John Pepys’s London life, and gives a long biographical sketch.
"A Noate written out of an ould Booke of my uncle William Pepys." "William Pepys, who died at Cottenham, 10 H. 8, was brought up by the Abbat of Crowland, in Huntingdonshire, and he was borne in Dunbar, in Scotland, a gentleman, whom the said Abbat did make his Bayliffe of all his lands in Cambridgeshire, and placed him in Cottenham, which William aforesaid had three sonnes, Thomas, John, an…
In a Spartan-allied congress, the Corinthians argue that the war is necessary duty for leaders, warn inland states about losing coast trade, and urge risking peace for war when injured.
war, in the fear that it might come too late to save Potidæa; they were present also on this occasion, and came forward the last, and made the following speech: “Fellow allies, we can no longer accuse the Lacedaemonians of having failed in their duty: they have not only voted for war themselves, but have assembled us here for that purpose. We say their duty, for supremacy has its duties. Besides equitably administer…
The Camarinaeans hesitate because they fear Syracuse most despite sympathizing with Athens, answer both sides they will side with neither, then Athenian-Syracusan operations continue with winter planning and attempts to recruit Sicels.
now offered to you; but do like others, and instead of being always on the defensive against the Syracusans, unite with us, and in your turn at last threaten them.” Such were the words of Euphemus. What the Camarinaeans felt was this. Sympathizing with the Athenians, except in so far as they might be afraid of their subjugating Sicily, they had always been at enmity with their neighbour Syracuse. From the very fact,…
At dawn Telemachus calls an assembly, and the old councillor Aegyptius speaks of Antiphus killed by the Cyclops; Telemachus frames his grievances as losses and looming ruin from suitor harassment.
ASSEMBLY OF THE PEOPLE OF ITHACA—SPEECHES OF TELEMACHUS AND OF THE SUITORS—TELEMACHUS MAKES HIS PREPARATIONS AND STARTS FOR PYLOS WITH MINERVA DISGUISED AS MENTOR. Now when the child of morning, rosy-fingered Dawn, appeared Telemachus rose and dressed himself. He bound his sandals on to his comely feet, girded his sword about his shoulder, and left his room looking like an immortal god. He at once sent the criers ro…
Telemachus argues to the Ithacans that suitors pressure Penelope and devastate his estate; Antinous blames Penelope’s delaying tactics, and omens of two eagles alarm the crowd.
us, or would he speak upon some other matter of public moment? I am sure he is an excellent person, and I hope Jove will grant him his heart’s desire.” Telemachus took this speech as of good omen and rose at once, for he was bursting with what he had to say. He stood in the middle of the assembly and the good herald Pisenor brought him his staff. Then, turning to Aegyptius, “Sir,” said he, “it is I, as you will shor…
Ulysses travels to Eumaeus’s hut, finds a well-kept pig yard and sties, the swineherd warns him about fierce dogs, and Ulysses is welcomed and fed while Eumaeus explains his role and the suitors’ ongoing eating.
ULYSSES IN THE HUT WITH EUMAEUS. Ulysses now left the haven, and took the rough track up through the wooded country and over the crest of the mountain till he reached the place where Minerva had said that he would find the swineherd, who was the most thrifty servant he had. He found him sitting in front of his hut, which was by the yards that he had built on a site which could be seen from far. He had made them spac…
Menelaus releases Telemachus to return home, offering moderation in hosting, prepares a meal and valuable gifts including a silver mixing bowl, and Helen gives a robe meant for a bride on her wedding day.
a great cloak over his shoulders, and went out to meet him. “Menelaus,” said he, “let me go back now to my own country, for I want to get home.” And Menelaus answered, “Telemachus, if you insist on going I will not detain you. I do not like to see a host either too fond of his guest or too rude to him. Moderation is best in all things, and not letting a man go when he wants to do so is as bad as telling him to go if…
The swineherd warns Ulysses that approaching the Ithacan suitors will surely bring ruin, describing their wealth and servants, while Eumaeus explains Laertes and Ulysses’ dead wife and how servants survive by being treated kindly.
than I should—to put fresh wood on the fire, chop fuel, carve, cook, pour out wine, and do all those services that poor men have to do for their betters.” The swineherd was very much disturbed when he heard this. “Heaven help me,” he exclaimed, “what ever can have put such a notion as that into your head? If you go near the suitors you will be undone to a certainty, for their pride and insolence reach the very heave…
Telemachus organizes preparations as the suitors approach: he challenges servants’ treatment of the stranger, sends for household cleaning, and receives assistance from Euryclea while Telemachus takes control of where Ulysses sits.
dine in the house of Ulysses. They have worn me out with labour of grinding meal for them, and I hope they may never have another dinner anywhere at all.” Ulysses was glad when he heard the omens conveyed to him by the woman’s speech, and by the thunder, for he knew they meant that he should avenge himself on the suitors. Then the other maids in the house rose and lit the fire on the hearth; Telemachus also rose an…
Eumaeus and Philoetius discuss Ulysses’ absence while Ulysses listens, the suitors plot and then dine; Telemachus seats Ulysses on stone and defends him from insults, and Ctesippus throws an ox’s foot.
before we have given each other a taste of our fists. You beg without any sense of decency: are there not feasts elsewhere among the Achaeans, as well as here?” Ulysses made no answer, but bowed his head and brooded. Then a third man, Philoetius, joined them, who was bringing in a barren heifer and some goats. These were brought over by the boatmen who are there to take people over when any one comes to them. So Phi…
Arriving in Lacedaemon, Telemachus is taken to Menelaus’ feast for the wedding of his son and daughter, where Menelaus’s hospitality welcomes the strangers and Eteoneus and servants prepare them for banqueting.
Telemachus’ entertainment at Sparta, where Menelaus tells him what befell many of the Greeks on their return; that Odysseus was with Calypso in the isle Ogygia, as he was told by Proteus. And they came to Lacedaemon lying low among the caverned hills, and drave to the dwelling of renowned Menelaus. Him they found giving a feast in his house to many friends of his kin, a feast for the wedding of his noble son and dau…
Nausicaa tells her parents about Athene’s dream, asks Alcinous for a wagon and mules to wash soiled garments, and prepares a load of raiment, food, wine, and olive oil, then rides to the river with attendants.
and the white light floats over it. Therein the blessed gods are glad for all their days, and thither Athene went when she had shown forth all to the maiden. Anon came the throned Dawn, and awakened Nausicaa of the fair robes, who straightway marvelled on the dream, and went through the halls to tell her parents, her father dear and her mother. And she found them within, her mother sitting by the hearth with the wom…
Disguised Odysseus travels to Eumaeus’s swine courtyard, is nearly attacked by dogs, and is welcomed by Eumaeus, who describes his master Odysseus as missing and mourning with loyalty to the household.
Odysseus, in the form of a beggar, goes to Eumaeus, the master of his swine, where he is well used and tells a feigned story, and informs himself of the behaviour of the wooers. But Odysseus fared forth from the haven by the rough track, up the wooded country and through the heights, where Athene had showed him that he should find the goodly swineherd, who cared most for his substance of all the thralls that goodly …
Penelope instructs her servants to manage her image and warns Telemachus against the suitors, while Athene’s enchantment makes Penelope draw admiration as Telemachus and the suitors argue about what happened.
that she might win yet more worship from her lord and her son than heretofore. To she laughed an idle laugh, and spake to the nurse, and hailed her, saying: “Eurynome, my heart yearns, though before I had no such desire, to show myself to the wooers, hateful as they are. I would also say a word to my son, that will be for his weal, namely, that he should not for ever consort with the proud wooers, who speak friendly…
The reunited household prepares and eats a meal, then Rumor spreads the wooers’ defeat and Ithacans assemble; Eupeithes urges immediate counterattack, while Odysseus’ household sees public burial and mobilization.
beat back the wooers; so should I have loosened the knees of many an one of them in the halls, and thou shouldest have been gladdened in thine inmost heart!” So they spake each with the other. But when the others had ceased from their task and made ready the feast, they sat down all orderly on chairs and on high seats. Then they began to put forth their hands on the meat, and the old man Dolius drew nigh, and the ol…
He illustrates taxonomic disagreement by comparing botanists’ different species counts and shows how the same forms are treated as species or varieties depending on country, expertise, and distance between populations.
many cases, decide by a majority of naturalists, for few well-marked and well-known varieties can be named which have not been ranked as species by at least some competent judges. That varieties of this doubtful nature are far from uncommon cannot be disputed. Compare the several floras of Great Britain, of France or of the United States, drawn up by different botanists, and see what a surprising number of forms hav…
Darwin compares oceanic islands’ relatively few species with continents using New Zealand, Cape of Good Hope, Australia, Ascension, St. Helena, and argues man’s introductions show nature alone could not have created enough “best adapted” island species.
myself to the mere question of dispersal; but shall consider some other facts, which bear on the truth of the two theories of independent creation and of descent with modification. The species of all kinds which inhabit oceanic islands are few in number compared with those on equal continental areas: Alph. de Candolle admits this for plants, and Wollaston for insects. If we look to the large size and varied stations…
Du Bois describes how white society treats him as a “problem,” recounts his childhood moment of realizing he was different, and develops the idea of “double-consciousness” as a split between being American and being Negro.
ARTHUR SYMONS. Between me and the other world there is ever an unasked question: unasked by some through feelings of delicacy; by others through the difficulty of rightly framing it. All, nevertheless, flutter round it. They approach me in a half-hesitant sort of way, eye me curiously or compassionately, and then, instead of saying directly, How does it feel to be a problem? they say, I know an excellent colored man…
He argues that the history of Black Americans is a struggle to merge double selves into a truer identity without losing either, aiming for equal membership in culture, work, and brotherhood rather than isolation.
feels his twoness,—an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder. The history of the American Negro is the history of this strife,—this longing to attain self-conscious manhood, to merge his double self into a better and truer self. In this merging he wishes neither of the older selves to be…
He traces postwar developments from political voting hopes to the “ideal of book-learning,” describing schooling efforts alongside poverty, ignorance, and social repression shaped by prejudice and humiliation.
to have been discovered the mountain path to Canaan; longer than the highway of Emancipation and law, steep and rugged, but straight, leading to heights high enough to overlook life. Up the new path the advance guard toiled, slowly, heavily, doggedly; only those who have watched and guided the faltering feet, the misty minds, the dull understandings, of the dark pupils of these schools know how faithfully, how piteo…
Du Bois says prejudice forced self-questioning and attacks on education, yet argues the situation produced a better understanding of progress, demanding combined work, culture, liberty, and the pursuit of brotherhood.
black, from Toussaint to the devil,—before this there rises a sickening despair that would disarm and discourage any nation save that black host to whom “discouragement” is an unwritten word. But the facing of so vast a prejudice could not but bring the inevitable self-questioning, self-disparagement, and lowering of ideals which ever accompany repression and breed in an atmosphere of contempt and hate. Whisperings …
Du Bois frames the rest of the book as a detailed account of Black striving, with the Negro problem as a concrete test of the American republic’s ideals and of the spiritual burden borne by freedmen’s sons.
strength, but who bear it in the name of an historic race, in the name of this the land of their fathers’ fathers, and in the name of human opportunity. And now what I have briefly sketched in large outline let me on coming pages tell again in many ways, with loving emphasis and deeper detail, that men may listen to the striving in the souls of black folk. II. Of the Dawn of Freedom Careless seems the great Avenge…