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Often appears with: religious persecution and toleration · custom and the manners of a people · fate, destiny, and necessity · justice as a virtue · rank, class, and social order · conquest, plunder, and captives · the city and urban life · myth and the gods of the nations · trade, markets, and merchants · hospitality and the guest · marriage and betrothal · honor, shame, and reputation
Usually: narrative (231) · detachment (115) · wonder (114) · curiosity (93) · argument (42) · praise (36) · description (32) · the test or trial (30) · reverence (28) · censure (25)
“As some labourer ears close-cluster'd lustily lopping, Under a flaming sun, mows fields ripe-yellow in harvest, *So, in fury of heart, shall death's stern reaper, Achilles*, Charge Troy's children afield and fell them grimly with iron.” Gaius Valerius Catullus (translated by Robinson Ellis), The Poems and Fragments of Catullus · vivid
“The triumph of the god of Emesa over all the religions of the earth, was the great object of his zeal and vanity; and the appellation of Elagabalus (for he presumed as pontiff and favorite to adopt that sacred name) was dearer to him than all the titles of Imperial greatness.” Edward Gibbon, History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire · insight
“The magnificence of Philip’s shows and entertainments dazzled the eyes of the multitude. The devout were employed in the rites of superstition, whilst the reflecting few revolved in their anxious minds the past history and the future fate of the empire.” Edward Gibbon, History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire · observation
“He who sows the ground with care and diligence acquires a greater stock of religious merit than he could gain by the repetition of ten thousand prayers.” Edward Gibbon, History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire · precept
“From your labors,” was he accustomed to say, (and to say with truth, if not with sincerity,) “from your labors we receive our subsistence; you derive your tranquillity from our vigilance: since, therefore, we are mutually necessary to each other, let us live together like brothers in concord and love.” Edward Gibbon, History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire · observation
“There will be no need to let you know of any over, because, when you reach the full number, the lady Dulcinea will at once, and that very instant, be disenchanted, and will come in her gratitude to seek out the worthy Sancho, and thank him, and even reward him for the good work.” Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Don Quixote · insight
“Interest drew out a great purse, made of the skin of a large brindled cat and to all appearance full of money, and flung it at the castle, and with the force of the blow the boards fell asunder and tumbled down, leaving the damsel exposed and unprotected.” Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Don Quixote · vivid
“Freedom, Sancho, is one of the most precious gifts that heaven has bestowed upon men; no treasures that the earth holds buried or the sea conceals can compare with it; for freedom, as for honour, life may and should be ventured; and on the other hand, captivity is the greatest evil that can fall to the lot of man.” Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Don Quixote · insight
“What were the joy of man, what else could give him pleasure, but pretty maids and noble dames?” Unknown (Middle High German epic tradition), The Nibelungenlied · precept
“As little can we admit the sorrows and sympathies of the Homeric heroes:—Achilles, the son of Thetis, in tears, throwing ashes on his head, or pacing up and down the sea-shore in distraction; or Priam, the cousin of the gods, crying aloud, rolling in the mire.” Plato, The Republic · observation
“I went down yesterday to the Piraeus with Glaucon the son of Ariston, that I might offer up my prayers to the goddess (Bendis, the Thracian Artemis.);” Plato, The Republic · observation
“There are many people here who are watching hundreds, and who think hundreds are watching them.” James Boswell, Boswell's Life of Johnson · observation
The preface characterizes Pepys’s decade as one of Restoration life, the Plague and the Great Fire, and highlights his social venues like Will’s coffee-house and his theatre observations, citing Sir Walter Scott’s praise.
gentleman who deciphered it; and although Pepys's grammar has been objected to, it is thought that the entries derive additional interest from the quaint terms in which they are expressed. The period of the Diary was one of the most interesting and eventful decades in our history. We have here the joyous pictures of the Restoration, as well as much about "the merry monarch," his gaieties and his intrigues. The Pla…
Pepys rides ashore on the 29th, wagers about the height of a sea-side cliff near Deale, hears Deale’s bonfire for the King’s birthday, and later records financial accounting and the restoration celebrations.
they had honours of Earldome, or the like, excepting only the Duke of Buckingham, who was only Sir George Villiers when he was made Knight of the Garter. [A.D. 1616.] 29th. Abroad to shore with my Lord, (which he offered me of himself, saying that I had a great deal of work to do this month, which was very true.) On shore we took horses, my Lord and Mr.Edward, Mr. Hetly and I, and three or four servants, and had a …
Pepys records the Lord Mayor’s day celebrations, watching pageants from merchants’ shops, seeing theatre performances, and the Queen’s arrival attempts and procession-related bonfires around early November 1660.
to meet the Queen). So meeting with one Mr. Hill, that did know my lady, he did take us into the King's closet, and there we did stay all service-time. 29th. I up early, it being my Lord Mayor's day (Sir Richd. Browne,) and neglecting my office, I went to the Wardrobe, where I met my Lady Sandwich, and all the children; and after drinking of some strange and incomparable good clarett of Mr. Remball's, he and Mr. To…
He observes the king’s portrait arriving painted in Flanders, theatre-going and royal court entertainment, money paid in gold for the King, access to royal galleries, and further preparations and rumors around the Queen’s travel.
done, we did, and I did give ten shillings and no more, though I believe most of the rest did give more, and did believe that I did so too. 19th. I went with the Treasurer in his coach to White Hall, and in our way, in discourse, do find him a very good-natured man; and, talking of those men who now stand condemned for murdering the King, he says that he believes, that, if the law would give leave, the King is a ma…
On his 28th birthday Pepys attends “The Changeling,” reflects on theatre pride and his own contentment, tries to keep Lent though he eats meat, and ends the month wondering who the King will marry and what the approaching fleet means.
to Sir W. Batten's, and there sat a while; he having yesterday sent my wife half-a-dozen pair of gloves, and a pair of silk stockings and garters, for her Valentines. 23rd. This my birthday, 28 years. Mr. Hartlett told me how my Lord Chancellor had lately got the Duke of York and Duchesse, and her woman, my Lord Ossory, [Thomas, Earl of Ossory, son of the Duke of Ormond. Ob. 1680, aged 46.] and a Doctor, to make…
On the day of the King’s return from the Tower to Whitehall, Pepys dresses finely and watches a grand procession with nobles, bishops, horses, and decorated streets, praising the spectacle and noting the Duke of York’s suit and the King’s attention.
trouble that it is like to be a wet day. All the way is so thronged with people to see the triumphall arches, that I could hardly pass for them. 22nd. The King's going from the Tower to White Hall. Up early and made myself as fine as I could, and put on my velvet coat, the first day that I put it on, though made half a year ago. And being ready, Sir W. Batten, my Lady, and his two daughters and his son and wife, …
On 24th night Pepys writes his diary while hearing fireworks on the Thames; on 30th he records travel with his wife and friends to Godalming and nearby, and then continues with May/June dates including sermons and visits.
eyes against any other objects, nor for the future trouble myself to see things of state and showe, as being sure never to see the like again in this world. 24th. At night, set myself to write down these three days' diary, and while I am about it, I hear the noise of the chambers [Chamber, a species of great gun.] and other things of the fire- works, which are now playing upon the Thames before the King; and I wis…
Pepys records journeys to Deptford and Woolwich, theatrical and local entertainments, and social talk about Sir G. Carteret’s marriage plans and a Banstead Down foot-race heavily bet on by the King and Duke of York.
to see who we were, and went back again. What his meaning is I know not, but was fearful that I might not go far enough with my hat off. 29th. To Deptford, reading by the way a most ridiculous play, a new one, called "The Politician cheated." [A comedy by Alexander Green.] 30th. To Woolwich, and there come Sir G. Carteret, and then by water back to Deptford, where we dined with him at his house. I find his litt…
Pepys describes the Lord Mayor’s banquet preparations and awkward dining arrangements, while the Queen’s recovery continues amid ongoing delirious talk about children.
the physician feeling her pulse, thinking to be better able to judge, she being still and asleep, waked her, and the first word she said was, "How do the children?" 29th. To Guild Hall; and meeting with Mr. Proby, (Sir R. Ford's son,) and Lieutenant-Colonel Baron, a City commander, we went up and down to see the tables; where under every salt there was a bill of fare, and at the end of the table the persons proper …
Pepys attends the Order of the Garter ceremonies at Windsor, visits St George’s Chapel, Eton College, reads Latin verse and epitaphs, then shifts to March plague-count updates and begins further sittings for his wife’s portrait.
and other mad sports till towards twelve at night, and then being sleepy, I and my wife in a passage-room to bed, and slept not very well because of noise. 26th. Called up about five in the morning, and my Lord up, and took leave, a little after six, very kindly of me and the whole company. So took coach and to Windsor, to the Garter, and thither sent for Dr. Childe: [William Child, Doctor of Music, Organist of S…
Pepys writes that he must stay diligent in the Duke’s business; he leaves at Whitehall with the Prince and Duke, notes Parliament’s winter adjournment and spreading plague, and watches St George’s/Coronation bonfires.
infinitely my concernment in being careful to appear to the King and Duke to continue my care of his business, and to be found diligent as I used to be. 23rd. To White Hall, where I had the opportunity to take leave of the Prince, and again of the Duke of Albemarle; and saw them kiss the King's hands and the Duke's; and much content indeed, there seems to be in all people at their going to sea, and they promise the…
Pepys attends his first play since the Plague, judges it as a poor performance, admires courtly spectacle including Lady Castlemaine, and then notes on November 2, 1666 the Ruby French prize vessel details.
any of our enemies this year. It seems a very good ship, but with galleries quite round the sterne to walk in as a balcone, which will be taken down. 4th. My taylor's man brings my vest home, and coat to wear with it and belt, and silver-hilted sword. I waited in the gallery till the Council was up, and did speak with Mr. Cooling, my Lord Chamberlain's secretary, who tells me my Lord Generall is become mighty low …
On the Queen’s birthday, Pepys attends court dancing at the ball, describes the King and royal guests’ rich attire and dances, and later hears scientific optimism about a blood-transfer experiment in which one dog’s blood is used to help another.
to confess his fault, and ask pardon for it, as he did also to my Lord Buckingham, for saying that something was not truth that my Lord Buckingham had said. 20th. To church, it being thanksgiving-day for the cessation of the plague; but, Lord! how the town do say that it is hastened before the plague is quite over, there being some people still ill of it, but only to get ground of plays to be publickly acted, which…
Pepys tours the Capuchin/monastery spaces at the Park with Lord Brouncker, attends plays and meets Nell Gwynne, hears of a seamen mutiny, and hosts company including Captain Rolt and Mr. Harris.
will have passed with it; wherein they are very open, what their meaning is, which was but doubted before, for they do in all respects doubt the King's pleasing them. 23rd. My Lord Brouncker and I walking into the Park, I did observe the new buildings: and my Lord seeing I had a desire to see them, they being the place for the priests and friers, he took me back to my Lord Almoner; [Cardinal Howard of Norfolk, the…
Pepys worries about appointing Secretary Morris’s son as embassy secretary, notes Valentine gifts for his wife and himself, and records a private marriage before Lent, with reflections on fashion and music.
up. But that which troubles me most is, that we have chosen a son of Secretary Morris, a boy never used to any business, to go Secretary to the Embassy. 14th. This morning come up to my wife's bedside, I being up dressing myself, little Will Mercer to be her Valentine; and brought her name writ upon blue paper in gold letters, done by himself, very pretty; and we were both well pleased with it. But I am also this …
He hears of French ships destroyed in the Caribbean, attends a bear-baiting spectacle with seamen, meets at St James’s with officials, and records court rivalries around the Chancellor, the Duke of York, and hopes of Parliament’s fate.
immediately fuit indictment drawn, per Noy, [The Attorney-General.] eavers le prisoner, et son dexter manus ampute, and fix at gibbet, sur que luy meme immediatement hange in presence de Court."] 9th. To White Hall; and here do hear, by Tom Killigrew and Mr. Progers, that for certain news is come of Harman's having spoiled nineteen of twenty-two French ships, somewhere about the Barbadoes, I think they said; but wh…
After Court and Commons tensions, Pepys describes Henry Hall and the Queen’s Christmas chapel night, watches a Catholic Mass, drinks at the Rose Tavern, and ends up home.
are suspended: and a cloud upon the Archbishop ever since the late business in the House of Lords; and I believe it will be a heavy blow to the Clergy. 24th. By coach to St. James's, it being about six at night; my design being to see the ceremonys, this night being the eve of Christmas, at the Queene's chapel. I got in almost up to the rail, and with a good deal of patience staid from nine at night to two in the …
On January 1 Pepys dines with Lord Crewe, discusses cheap grain and farming, attends a play about Sir Martin Mar-all, hears about Privy-council changes, and visits dice gaming at the groom-porters.
have thought had been in the world, had I not now seen it. And so I having enough for once, refusing to venture, though Brisband pressed me hard, went away. 2nd. Attended the King and the Duke of York in the Duke of York's lodgings, with the rest of the officers and many of the commanders of the fleet, and some of our master shipwrights, to discourse the business of having the topmasts of ships made to lower abaft …
Pepys observes court and public life, watches noble figures at the Park, works late on a major letter to the Duke of York, meets French Ambassador Colbert, and tours London to enjoy new urban improvements and sermons.
have his entry to-day: but his things, though rich, are not new; supposed to be the same his brother had the other day at the treaty at Aix-la-Chapelle, in Flanders. 18th. Alone to the Park; but there were few coaches: among the few there were our two great beauties, my Lady Castlemaine and Richmond; the first time I saw the latter since she had the small pox. I had much pleasure to see them, but I thought they w…
Pepys visits Chyrurgeons’-hall under construction, weighs buying Holben’s damaged large picture, later goes to Bartholomew Fair for puppet and stage shows, and ends the day at home after public entertainments.
to see Holben's work in the ceiling blotted on and only whited over! My wife this day with Hales, to sit for her hand to be mended in her picture. 29th. Up, and all the morning at the office; where the Duke of York's long letter was read to their great trouble, and their suspecting me to have been the writer of it. And at noon comes by appointment Harris to dine with me: and after dinner he and I to Chyrurgeons'-…
Pepys attends Hamlet with Betterton, then sees fairs and spectacles, buys Hobbes’s Leviathan, watches Bartholomew Fair’s puppets and plays, and visits his friends’ houses and Stourbridge-fair preparations.
and my eyes are such as I am not able to do the business of my office as I used, and would desire to do while I am in it. 31st. To the Duke of York's playhouse, and saw "Hamlet," which we have not seen this year before, or more; and mightily pleased with it, but above all with Betterton, the best part, I believe that ever man acted. SEPTEMBER 1, 1668. To the fair and there saw several sights; among others, the ma…
In late February Pepys attends Bartholomew Fair with the King and Queen at Whitehall, later visits Westminster Abbey on Shrove Tuesday to see Queen Katherine of Valois’ body, and criticizes several new or revived plays.
service's sake, and the Duke of York's, and will propound it to the Duke of York: and I confess, if there be one, I would be glad to be in. 22nd. In the evening to White Hall, and there did without much trouble get into the playhouse, finding a good place among the Ladies of Honour, and all of us sitting in the pit; and then by and by came the King and Queene, and they began "Bartholomew- fair." But I like no play …
On January 1st (Lord’s Day) Pepys attends Peter Gunning’s sermon at Exeter House, celebrates circumcision, dines in the garret, visits Fleet Street’s city posts, and spends time with family and guests before returning home.
having been at the House-door the last week to demand entrance, but it was denied them; and it is believed that [neither] they nor the people will be satisfied till the House be filled. My own private condition very handsome, and esteemed rich, but indeed very poor; besides my goods of my house, and my office, which at present is somewhat uncertain. Mr. Downing master of my office. [George Downing was one of the F…
Athenians purify Delos by removing all graves and forbidding birth or death there, then hold the Delian games; meanwhile Ambraciots invade Amphilochian Argos at Olpae.
of Samos, having added Rhenea to his other island conquests during his period of naval ascendancy, dedicated it to the Delian Apollo by binding it to Delos with a chain. The Athenians, after the purification, celebrated, for the first time, the quinquennial festival of the Delian games. Once upon a time, indeed, there was a great assemblage of the Ionians and the neighbouring islanders at Delos, who used to come to …
Corinth remains aloof from the new alliance while the Eleans exclude Lacedaemonians from Olympic sacrifices over a fine dispute, escalating tensions until earthquakes interrupt discussions and disperse delegations after the games.
against it by all these cities: and no one of the cities shall be able to make peace with that state, except all the above cities agree to do so. 3. Likewise the Athenians shall go to the relief of Argos, Mantinea, and Elis, if an enemy invade the country of Elis, Mantinea, or Argos, according as the above cities may require by message, in such way as they most effectually can, to the best of their power. But if the…
Penelope hears Phemius sing of Troy’s aftermath and mourns; Telemachus lets the bard continue, orders the suitors to stop brawling, and threatens formal action and divine reckoning.
ever about his father. He felt the change, wondered at it, and knew that the stranger had been a god, so he went straight to where the suitors were sitting. Phemius was still singing, and his hearers sat rapt in silence as he told the sad tale of the return from Troy, and the ills Minerva had laid upon the Achaeans. Penelope, daughter of Icarius, heard his song from her room upstairs, and came down by the great stai…
After reaching Pylos at sunrise, Telemachus—guided by Minerva—joins a festival of black bulls for Poseidon, is welcomed by Nestor’s household, and participates in prayers and dinner before speaking with Nestor.
TELEMACHUS VISITS NESTOR AT PYLOS. but as the sun was rising from the fair sea24 into the firmament of heaven to shed light on mortals and immortals, they reached Pylos the city of Neleus. Now the people of Pylos were gathered on the sea shore to offer sacrifice of black bulls to Neptune lord of the Earthquake. There were nine guilds with five hundred men in each, and there were nine bulls to each guild. As they wer…
Telemachus and Pisistratus arrive in Lacedaemon, are welcomed into Menelaus’s palace for the wedding of his daughter to Achilles’ son, and receive prompt hospitality as servants prepare their horses and supper.
THE VISIT TO KING MENELAUS, WHO TELLS HIS STORY—MEANWHILE THE SUITORS IN ITHACA PLOT AGAINST TELEMACHUS. they reached the low lying city of Lacedaemon, where they drove straight to the abode of Menelaus36 [and found him in his own house, feasting with his many clansmen in honour of the wedding of his son, and also of his daughter, whom he was marrying to the son of that valiant warrior Achilles. He had given his con…
Menelaus releases Telemachus to return home, offering moderation in hosting, prepares a meal and valuable gifts including a silver mixing bowl, and Helen gives a robe meant for a bride on her wedding day.
a great cloak over his shoulders, and went out to meet him. “Menelaus,” said he, “let me go back now to my own country, for I want to get home.” And Menelaus answered, “Telemachus, if you insist on going I will not detain you. I do not like to see a host either too fond of his guest or too rude to him. Moderation is best in all things, and not letting a man go when he wants to do so is as bad as telling him to go if…
Telemachus, Philoetius, and Eumaeus stop the dancing and sleep as Penelope and Odysseus talk; Penelope laments the suitors’ slaughter and drinking, while Odysseus recounts his whole wanderings from the Cicons to Calypso and back to the Phaeacians.
their own old bed. Telemachus, Philoetius, and the swineherd now left off dancing, and made the women leave off also. They then laid themselves down to sleep in the cloisters. When Ulysses and Penelope had had their fill of love they fell talking with one another. She told him how much she had had to bear in seeing the house filled with a crowd of wicked suitors who had killed so many sheep and oxen on her account, …
He narrates the origins and pilgrimage of the Fisk Jubilee Singers, from Henry Ward Beecher’s welcome to worldwide performance, ending with their fundraising for Fisk University.
Out of them rose for me morning, noon, and night, bursts of wonderful melody, full of the voices of my brothers and sisters, full of the voices of the past. Little of beauty has America given the world save the rude grandeur God himself stamped on her bosom; the human spirit in this new world has expressed itself in vigor and ingenuity rather than in beauty. And so by fateful chance the Negro folk-song—the rhythmic …
It continues feast regulations for the seventh month, including trumpets, Day of Atonement-style humble-soul observance, an eight-day sequence of bullock numbers, and closing worship with vows and freewill offerings.
Also {and} the first day of the seventh month shall be an holy feast unto you, and ye shall do no labourious work therein. It shall be a day of trumpet blowing unto you. And ye shall offer a burntoffering of a sweet savour unto the LORD: one young bullock and one ram and seven lambs of a year old apiece that are pure. And their meatofferings of flour mingled with oil: three tenth deals unto the bullock, and two unto …
It prescribes Passover in Abib, unleavened bread for seven days, the Feast of Weeks counted from the grain cycle, the Feast of Tabernacles after harvest, and requires male pilgrimage three times a year, plus impartial judges and bans on forbidden worship practices like groves and hated pillars.
Observe the month of Abib, and offer passover unto the LORD thy God. For in the month of Abib, the LORD thy God brought thee out of Egypt by night: Thou shalt therefore offer passover unto the LORD thy God, and sheep and oxen in the place which the LORD shall choose to make his name dwell there. Thou shalt eat no leavened bread therewith: but shalt eat therewith the bread of tribulation seven days long. For thou came…
Approaching Jericho, Jesus restores Bartimaeus the blind man by responding to his cries; then he enters Jerusalem riding a colt with public “Hosanna” praise, visits the temple, and curses a barren fig tree for having leaves but no figs.
I shall be baptised in: But to sit on my right hand and on my left hand, is not mine to give, but to them for whom it is prepared. And when the x. heard that, they began to disdain at Iames and Ihon. But Iesus called them unto him, and said to them: Ye know well that they which seem to bear rule among the gentiles, reign as lords over them. And they that be great among them exercise authority over them. So shall it …
This passage restates the Apollinarian festival customs—garlands, women’s supplications, public feasting with doors thrown open—and then begins the Capua famine storyline under Hannibal and Roman operations in Samnium.
garlands; the matrons made supplications; the people in general feasted in the courts of their houses, throwing the doors open; and the day was distinguished by every description of ceremony. 13. While Hannibal was in the neighbourhood of Tarentum, and both the consuls in Samnium, though they seemed as if they were about to besiege Capua, the Campanians were experiencing famine, that calamity which is the usual atte…
The senate decides to bring the Idaean Mother by sending ambassadors to King Attalus, receives the sacred stone from Pessinus, stages Roman elections and religious celebrations, and records deaths and temple dedications.
in possession of victory, which was portended to them by the fates, omens, and oracles, they began to think what method could be adopted for conveying the goddess to Rome. 11. As yet the Roman people had none of the states of Asia in alliance with them. Recollecting, however, that formerly Aesculapius, on account of a sickness among the people, was fetched from Greece, which was not then united with them by any trea…
That summer in Bruttium, a consul takes Clampetia by storm; elections are held in Rome for consuls and praetors, major religious offices are filled, and chariots and games are sponsored by curule aediles.
before the people. This proceeding was quashed by the unanimous voice of the senate, lest in future this office of censor should become subject to the caprice of the people. 38. The same summer Clampetia in Bruttium was taken by the consul by storm. Consentia and Pandosia, with some other inconsiderable states, submitted voluntarily. As the time for the elections was now drawing near, it was thought best that Cornel…
At Rome, Laelius arrives with Syphax and Numidian prisoners; the senate and people celebrate, decreeing Syphax’s custody at Alba and holding festivals, while ambassadors of Masinissa seek senate confirmation of his kingship and the return of Numidian captives.
to conclude a truce, and others to Rome to solicit peace; the latter taking with them a few prisoners, deserters, and fugitives, in order to facilitate the attainment of peace. 17. Laelius with Syphax and the principal Numidian prisoners arrived at Rome several days before, and laying before the senate all the transactions which had occurred in Africa in order, the greatest joy was felt for the present, and the most…
Livy reports Roman state actions and elections: triumph arrangements, celebrating Publius Scipio’s African vowed games, colonization at Venusia, battles in Spain, and games and corn distributions under cheap provisions.
He carried into the treasury three hundred and twenty thousand *asses*,[1] and one hundred and seventy thousand pounds' weight of silver. There were neither any prisoners led before his chariot, nor spoils carried before him, nor did any soldiers follow him. It appeared that every thing, except the victory, belonged to the consul. The games which Publius Scipio had vowed when consul in Africa, were then celebrated, i…
After a death, sons hold funeral games and gladiator shows in the Roman forum; Livy explains how officeholders’ oath requirements force substitutions and how Spain commands are assigned.
There were also funeral games exhibited that year in the forum, for the space of four days, on occasion of the death of Marcus Valerius Laevinus, by his sons Publius and Marcus, who gave also a show of gladiators, in which twenty-five pairs fought. Marcus Aurelius Cotta, one of the decemviri of the sacred books, died, and Manius Acilius Glabrio was substituted in his room. It happened that both the curule aediles, wh…
Roman games are held with great splendour; during the provincial lottery, tribunes require a popular vote on peace with Philip, which the tribes approve, and Spain reports a Roman defeat.
a provision, that no persons should be admitted into that number who, at any time since the consulate of Publius Cornelius and Tiberius Sempronius, had been partisans of the enemy. 25. This year the Roman games were exhibited in the circus, and on the stage, by the curule aediles, Publius Cornelius Scipio and Cneius Manlius Vulso, with an unusual degree of splendour, and were beheld with the greater delight, in cons…
Herzl urges Jews to build early organizations with skilled professionals, to seek success through prayers, and to spread Zionist “enlightenment” so Jews pursue a Jewish State and national renewal.
classes will find an outlet in our first organizations, as our first technicians, officers, professors, officials, lawyers, and doctors; and thus the movement will continue in swift but smooth progression. Prayers will be offered up for the success of our work in temples and in churches also; for it will bring relief from an old burden, which all have suffered. But we must first bring enlightenment to men's minds. …
After reaching Sicily, Aeneas consults his men and declares an annual festival for Anchises’ anniversary, planning games and sacrifices on the shores where Anchises is buried.
pointed jav’lin bore. His mother was a dame of Dardan blood; His sire Crinisus, a Sicilian flood. He welcomes his returning friends ashore With plenteous country cates and homely store. Now, when the following morn had chas’d away The flying stars, and light restor’d the day, Aeneas call’d the Trojan troops around, And thus bespoke them from a rising ground: “Offspring of heav’n, divine Darda…
Aeneas holds funeral games with prizes displayed, then stages four galley races in water lists marked by a rock, laurel wreaths, oil-slicked crews, trumpets, and shouting crowds.
And first the gifts in public view they place, Green laurel wreaths, and palm, the victors’ grace: Within the circle, arms and tripods lie, Ingots of gold and silver, heap’d on high, And vests embroider’d, of the Tyrian dye. The trumpet’s clangour then the feast proclaims, And all prepare for their appointed games. Four galleys first, which equal rowers bear, Advancing,…
After the herald proclaims Cloanthus the winner, leaders receive ornate prizes while Mnestheus takes second; Sergesthus’ damaged galley limps in and he is rewarded.
his breadth of hand, Push’d on, and sped the galley to the land. Swift as a shaft, or winged wind, she flies, And, darting to the port, obtains the prize. The herald summons all, and then proclaims Cloanthus conqu’ror of the naval games. The prince with laurel crowns the victor’s head, And three fat steers are to his vessel led, The ship’s reward; with gen’rous wine beside, And sums of …
In a running race, Nisus and others sprint for prizes, but Nisus slips in gore; Euryalus helps win for his friend, and the judge Aeneas adjudicates disputes by adjusted gift-giving.
lovely Panopes: Both jolly huntsmen, both in forest bred, And owning old Acestes for their head; With sev’ral others of ignobler name, Whom time has not deliver’d o’er to fame. To these the hero thus his thoughts explain’d, In words which gen’ral approbation gain’d: “One common largess is for all design’d, The vanquish’d and the victor shall be join’d, Two darts of polish’d steel and Gnosian …
Aeneas invites a gauntlet combat duel for prizes between champions, and Dares enters confident, while discussion turns to Entellus’ reluctance and past glory in Eryx-like boxing combat.
shield, Of wondrous art, by Didymaon wrought, Long since from Neptune’s bars in triumph brought. This giv’n to Nisus, he divides the rest, And equal justice in his gifts express’d. The race thus ended, and rewards bestow’d, Once more the prince bespeaks th’ attentive crowd: “If there be here, whose dauntless courage dare In gauntlet fight, with limbs and body bare, His opposite sustain in ope…
Entellus and Dares clash in a staged bout at the Eryx games, where Entellus’s heavy gauntlets and Dares’s refusal set up a contest of unequal courage and strength.
turn to that fair prime again, That prime of which this boaster is so vain, The brave, who this decrepid age defies, Should feel my force, without the promis’d prize.” He said; and, rising at the word, he threw Two pond’rous gauntlets down in open view; Gauntlets which Eryx wont in fight to wield, And sheathe his hands with in the listed field. With fear and wonder seiz’d, the crowd beholds …
Aeneas and Acestes arm in Entellus’s gauntlets for the gauntlet fight, where Entellus’s age makes him slow and Dares’s tactics help him narrowly avoid decisive blows.
Aeneas and Acestes join In his request, these gauntlets I resign; Let us with equal arms perform the fight, And let him leave to fear, since I resign my right.” This said, Entellus for the strife prepares; Stripp’d of his quilted coat, his body bares; Compos’d of mighty bones and brawn he stands, A goodly tow’ring object on the sands. Then just Aeneas equal arms supplied, Which round th…
Entellus’s aged opponent is defeated when Aeneas orders the next contests, including an archery event with a pigeon dove and scored winners among Hippocoon, Mnestheus, Eurytion, and Acestes.
the hissing throng, And hung his head, and trail’d his legs along. The sword and casque are carried by his train; But with his foe the palm and ox remain. The champion, then, before Aeneas came, Proud of his prize, but prouder of his fame: “O goddess-born, and you, Dardanian host, Mark with attention, and forgive my boast; Learn what I was, by what remains; and know From what impending …
The games expand into ceremonial cavalry displays led by Ascanius and other Trojan youths, followed by a fleet of performances whose choreography later becomes a Roman inherited tradition.
envied him the prize, Tho’ he transfix’d the pigeon in the skies. Who cut the line, with second gifts was grac’d; The third was his whose arrow pierc’d the mast. The chief, before the games were wholly done, Call’d Periphantes, tutor to his son, And whisper’d thus: “With speed Ascanius find; And, if his childish troop be ready join’d, On horseback let him grace his grandsire’s day, And …
While Trojans mourn and conduct annual rites, Juno sends Iris to arson in their absence, inciting Trojan matrons to burn the ships on the Sicilian shore.
what he learn’d: the Latin sires impart To their succeeding sons the graceful art; From these imperial Rome receiv’d the game, Which Troy, the youths the Trojan troop, they name. Thus far the sacred sports they celebrate: But Fortune soon resum’d her ancient hate; For, while they pay the dead his annual dues, Those envied rites Saturnian Juno views; And sends the goddess of the various bow, …
The disguised goddess is revealed in the midst of ship-burning, Ascanius and then Aeneas intervene, and Jupiter’s storm prevents most of the fleet from total destruction, leaving four ships burned only at the waist.
altars minister their brands: The god is pleas’d; the god supplies our hands.” Then from the pile a flaming fire she drew, And, toss’d in air, amidst the galleys threw. Wrapp’d in amaze, the matrons wildly stare: Then Pyrgo, reverenc’d for her hoary hair, Pyrgo, the nurse of Priam’s num’rous race: “No Beroe this, tho’ she belies her face! What terrors from her frowning front arise! Beho…
The narrative shifts to Aeneas’ journey after Anchises’ death: funeral rites for Cajeta, encounters with Circe’s magical beasts near the Tiberwood, and an invocation to sing Latium’s origins and the war over Lavinia.
THE ARGUMENT. King Latinus entertains Aeneas, and promises him his only daughter, Lavinia, the heiress of his crown. Turnus, being in love with her, favoured by her mother, and by Juno and Alecto, breaks the treaty which was made, and engages in his quarrel Mezentius, Camilla, Messapus, and many other of the neighbouring princes; whose forces, and the names of their commanders are …
Amata’s fury grows uncontrollable: she rants in public, drags the wedding plans through woods with Bacchic rites, and gathers Latian women in frenzied ceremonies meant to block the Trojan marriage.
all are foreign, in a larger sense, Not born your subjects, or deriv’d from hence. Then, if the line of Turnus you retrace, He springs from Inachus of Argive race.” But when she saw her reasons idly spent, And could not move him from his fix’d intent, She flew to rage; for now the snake possess’d Her vital parts, and poison’d all her breast; She raves, she runs with a distracted pace, A…
Aeneas mourns the slain Pallas, arranges a ceremonial bier and equestrian funeral procession, includes Trojan gifts and enemy spoils, escorts captives as offerings, and prepares a grand funeral for him.
But first the corpse of our unhappy friend To the sad city of Evander send, Who, not inglorious, in his age’s bloom, Was hurried hence by too severe a doom.” Thus, weeping while he spoke, he took his way, Where, new in death, lamented Pallas lay. Acoetes watch’d the corpse; whose youth deserv’d The father’s trust; and now the son he serv’d With equal faith, but less auspicious care. Th’…
A command addresses believers to leave trade and rush to Friday prayer at the day of the assembly, then disperse afterward to seek God’s provision, warning that distraction by merchandise or sport misleads.
that he might thereby cleanse you, and cause the pollution of Satan to pass from you, and that he might gird up your hearts, and stablish your feet by it: When thy Lord spake unto the angels, "I will be with you: therefore stablish ye the faithful. I will cast a dread into the hearts of the infidels." Strike off their heads then, and strike off from them every finger-tip. This, because they have opposed God and his…
Additional pilgrimage legislation allows fishing but forbids land hunting, defines the Caaba and sacred month as signs of God’s knowledge, and sets rules for witnesses at death and for testimony by oath.
the ill consequence of his deed. God forgiveth what is past; but whoever doth it again, God will take vengeance on him; for God is mighty and vengeance is His. It is lawful for you to fish in the sea, and to eat fish, as provision for you and for those who travel; but it is unlawful for you to hunt by land while ye are still on pilgrimage: fear ye God, therefore, before whom ye shall be assembled. God hath appointe…
He explains communal dances and music tied to major events, divides dancing by social groups, and describes clothing, crafts, and tobacco pipes made and used in ways he compares to Turkey.
esteemed the sole property of her husband. The ceremony being now ended the festival begins, which is celebrated with bonefires, and loud acclamations of joy, accompanied with music and dancing. We are almost a nation of dancers, musicians, and poets. Thus every great event, such as a triumphant return from battle, or other cause of public rejoicing is celebrated in public dances, which are accompanied with songs an…
Washington describes the excitement in Tuskegee for McKinley’s arrival on December 16, the crowd and visiting officials, Alabama’s legislature adjourning to attend, and the school’s parade of students and agricultural “floats.”
President of the Nation would be willing to travel one hundred and forty miles out of his way to spend a day at a Negro institution, he seemed deeply impressed. While I was with the President, a white citizen of Atlanta, a Democrat and an ex-slaveholder, came into the room, and the President asked his opinion as to the wisdom of his going to Tuskegee. Without hesitation the Atlanta man replied that it was the proper…