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Often appears with: crime and punishment · conquest, plunder, and captives · justice as a virtue · courts, trials, and pleading · forms of government · equity, mercy, and pardon · diplomacy and embassies · conspiracy and assassination · counsel and advisers to rulers · faction, party, and civil strife · military discipline and training · religious persecution and toleration
Usually: injustice endured (58) · narrative (53) · indignation (53) · betrayal (49) · argument (44) · detachment (41) · censure (30) · skepticism (16) · speech or oration (11) · letter or document (9)
“Nothing can be more chimerical than to imagine that in a trial of actual force, victory may be calculated by the rules which prevail in a census of the inhabitants, or which determine the event of an election!” Alexander Hamilton; John Jay; James Madison, The Federalist Papers · observation
“The gods too high had rais’d the Roman state, Were but their gifts as permanent as great.” Virgil, The Aeneid · observation
“Comrade Rollanz, your horn I pray you sound! If Charles hear, he'll turn his armies round.” Anonymous (Old French epic), The Song of Roland · precept
“Behold now the sore penalty, Thou, who dost breathing go the dead beholding; Behold if any be as great as this.” Dante Alighieri, Divine Comedy, Longfellow's Translation, Hell · observation
“I made the father and the son rebellious; Achitophel not more with Absalom And David did with his accursed goadings.” Dante Alighieri, Divine Comedy, Longfellow's Translation, Hell · insight
“The dilatory process of convening the legislature, or one of its branches, for the purpose of obtaining its sanction to the measure, would frequently be the occasion of letting slip the golden opportunity.” Alexander Hamilton; John Jay; James Madison, The Federalist Papers · vivid
“The die is cast, and the only point which now remains to be determined is, in what manner the war can be most effectually prosecuted and speedily finished, in order to procure that unconditional submission.” Thomas Paine, The Writings of Thomas Paine — Volume 1 (1774-1779): · observation
“What a fortunate thing if I were unable to write; then should I neither be able to sign a death-warrant!” Bernal Díaz del Castillo, The Memoirs of the Conquistador Bernal Diaz del Cast · vivid
“Receive, therefore, this gold for him; I have no more at present, as the notice to collect it was too short.” Bernal Díaz del Castillo, The Memoirs of the Conquistador Bernal Diaz del Cast · precept
“Then the Lacedemonians, when they were being caught up, turned and faced the Barbarians; and thus turning round they would slay innumerable multitudes of the Persians” Herodotus, The History of Herodotus — Volume 2 · vivid
“The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed.” Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America — Volume 2 · observation
“Stranger of Egina, I admire thy friendly spirit and thy forethought for me, but thou hast failed of a good opinion nevertheless: for having exalted me on high and my family and my deed, thou didst then cast me down to nought by advising me to do outrage to a dead body…” Herodotus, The History of Herodotus — Volume 2 · precept
Pepys reports the Parliament’s vote about posthumous punishment for Cromwell and others, and later learns of plots against the King and Monk, Prince/royal deaths and marriages, and further political unrest; he also reflects on 1660-61.
had a letter brought me from my Lord to get a ship ready to carry the Queen's things over to France, she being to go within five or six days. 27th. To Westminster Hall, and in King Street there being a great stop of coaches, there was a falling out between a drayman and my Lord Chesterfield's coachman, and one of his footmen killed. Mr. Moore told me how the House had this day voted the King to have all the Excise…
Pepys reflects on a Gazette report from April about a plot to kill the King and burn London, linking the planned date (3 September) to the Great Fire’s outbreak on 2 September, then quotes the full Old Bailey indictment.
of September: which is very strange, methinks. [This circumstance was so remarkable that it has been thought worth while extracting the whole passage from the Gazette of April 23-26, 1666:-- "At the Sessions in the Old Bailey, John Rathbone, an old Army Colonel, William Saunders, Henry Tucker, Thomas Flint, Thomas Evans, John Myles, Will. Westcot, and John Cole, officers or soldiers in the late Rebellion, were indic…
On the 17th–18th Pepys gives money to ushers during a dinner, consults with Mrs. Jem, debates Roman government and ballot versus war, hears Sydenham voted out and Salloway sent to the Tower, and reports Protector Richard Cromwell’s political troubles.
the next pass [he] was killed on the spot. The Earl fled to Chelsea, and there took water and escaped. The jury found it chance-medley."--Rugge's "Diurnal," Addit MSS., British Museum.--B.] We went forward and came about one of the clock to Mr. Fuller's, but he was out of town, so we had a dinner there, and I gave the child 40s. to give to the two ushers. After that we parted and went homewards, it being market day…
Jesus cleanses the temple, teaches publicly, and answers challengers with parables about God’s rejected cornerstone and sinful tenants, then condemns their authority through a warning to resist plots.
with the ground, with thy children which are in thee. And they shall not leave in thee one stone upon another, because thou knewest not the time of thy visitation. And he went into the temple, and began to cast out them that sold therein, and them that bought saying unto them, It is written, my house is the house of prayer: But ye have made it a den of thieves. And he taught daily in the temple. The high priests and…
A planned Nola revolt with Carthaginian support is uncovered, and Marcellus stages a coordinated sortie to defeat the Carthaginians, then initiates harsh trials against suspected traitors.
from Casilinum to Calatia, and thence crossing the Vulturnus, and passing through the territories of Saticula and Trebula, pursuing his course along the mountains above Suessula, he arrived at Nola. 15. On the approach of the Roman praetor, the Carthaginians retired from the territory of Nola and marched down to the sea close upon Naples, eager to get possession of a maritime town to which there would be a safe cour…
Scipio addresses his mutinous soldiers in the forum, accusing them of treason and blaming instigators for their madness, arguing their crimes are too great for simple pardon without punishment.
He sat silent for a short time till he was informed that the instigators of the mutiny were brought into the forum, and that every thing was now in readiness. 27. Then, a herald having obtained silence, he thus began: "I imagined that language would never fail me in which to address my army; not that I have ever accustomed myself to speaking rather than action, but because, having been kept in a camp almost from my …
Brachyllas is assassinated by men from Theban factions; Zeuxippus and others are suspected, examined under torture, and Zeuxippus flees to Athens while Pisistratus is executed.
flight of his slave, withdrew to Athens, where he thought he might live in exile with greater safety. Pisistratus, after being examined several times by torture, was put to death. 29. This murder exasperated the Thebans, and all the Boeotians, to the most rancorous animosity against the Romans, for they considered that Zeuxippus, one of the first men of the nation, had not been party to such a crime without the inst…
Madison argues the Constitution should guarantee each state protection against foreign invasion and domestic violence, allowing federal intervention in insurrections while insisting force and right do not always align in practice.
latter. The only restriction imposed on them is, that they shall not exchange republican for antirepublican Constitutions; a restriction which, it is presumed, will hardly be considered as a grievance. A protection against invasion is due from every society to the parts composing it. The latitude of the expression here used seems to secure each State, not only against foreign hostility, but against ambitious or vind…
He discusses why the pardon power should not depend on legislative assent, especially for treason, since legislators may be tainted by faction, while the President can act decisively in insurrection.
or censure for an injudicious or affected clemency. On these accounts, one man appears to be a more eligible dispenser of the mercy of government, than a body of men. The expediency of vesting the power of pardoning in the President has, if I mistake not, been only contested in relation to the crime of treason. This, it has been urged, ought to have depended upon the assent of one, or both, of the branches of the le…
He responds that legislatures cannot legally reverse judicial sentences but may set new rules for future cases, and he argues that judiciary encroachments are a phantom due to judicial weakness and impeachment checks, supporting the Senate as an impeachment tribunal.
constitutions of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia; and the preference which has been given to those models is highly to be commended. It is not true, in the second place, that the Parliament of Great Britain, or the legislatures of the particular States, can rectify the exceptionable decisions of their respective courts, in any othe…
Hamilton addresses whether treason pardons should require legislative assent, ultimately arguing for presidential control because quick pardons during insurrection can restore order, while prior discretion could embolden guilt.
or censure for an injudicious or affected clemency. On these accounts, one man appears to be a more eligible dispenser of the mercy of government, than a body of men. The expediency of vesting the power of pardoning in the President has, if I mistake not, been only contested in relation to the crime of treason. This, it has been urged, ought to have depended upon the assent of one, or both, of the branches of the le…
He lists the additional safeguards the Union provides for republican government, liberty, and property—such as preventing local insurrections, reducing foreign intrigue, avoiding large standing armies, guaranteeing republican forms, banning titles of nobility, and protecting property and credit.
government under which they live, than the fury with which they have attacked that plan, for matters in regard to which our own constitution is equally or perhaps more vulnerable. The additional securities to republican government, to liberty and to property, to be derived from the adoption of the plan under consideration, consist chiefly in the restraints which the preservation of the Union will impose on local fac…
Aeneas sees Marcellus, whose fate foretells early death and public mourning, and Anchises then explains future wars and Roman customs, concluding with Aeneas passing through the gates of Sleep (ivory and horn) to leave the underworld.
and make the world obey, Disposing peace and war by thy own majestic way; To tame the proud, the fetter’d slave to free: These are imperial arts, and worthy thee.” He paus’d; and, while with wond’ring eyes they view’d The passing spirits, thus his speech renew’d: “See great Marcellus! how, untir’d in toils, He moves with manly grace, how rich with regal spoils! He, when his country, threaten’…
Manlius’ deputies justify rebellion as self-defense against usurers and the praetor, claiming Romans once replaced silver debts with brass and noting debt-driven secessions; Quintus Marcius replies they must lay down arms and appeal to the senate.
distress by decrees;[167] and very lately, within our own memory, silver, by reason of the pressure of debt, and with the consent of all respectable citizens, was paid with brass.[168] Often too, we must own, have the commonalty themselves, driven by desire of power, or by the arrogance of their rulers, seceded[169] under arms from the patricians. But at power or wealth, for the sake of which wars, and all kinds of …
Cicero orders the praetors to seize the Allobroges on the Milvian Bridge; the deputies’ retinue is arrested, Volturcius confesses details, and the seized men implicate Lentulus and others in treason.
he reject the assistance of slaves? That, in the city, every thing which he had directed was arranged; and that he should not delay to make nearer approaches to it." XLV. Matters having proceeded thus far, and a night being appointed for the departure of the deputies, Cicero, being by them made acquainted with every thing, directed the praetors,[214] Lucius Valerius Flaccus, and Caius Pomtinus, to arrest the retinue…
After brief Sabbath school instruction in St. Michael’s, local white class-leaders, along with Master Thomas, break up the school with a mob, warning Douglass he seeks Nat Turner-like rebellion.
to whose words of comfort they were so largely indebted, they would thank me for dropping a tear on this page, in memory of their favorite preacher, friend and benefactor. But, let me return to Master Thomas, and to my experience, after his conversion. In Baltimore, I could, occasionally, get into a Sabbath school, among the free children, and receive lessons, with the rest; but, having already learned both to read …
Vindicius overhears a plot by youth connected to the Aquillii and Vitellii to murder the consuls and assist Tarquin; he informs Valerius, letters are found, conspirators are tried, and Brutus has his sons executed.
and they wrote letters to Tarquin to this effect, and gave them to the ambassadors, who were lodging upon the spot with the Aquillii, and were present at the consultation. Upon their departure, Vindicius secretly quitted the house, but was at a loss what to do in the matter, for to arraign the sons before the father Brutus, or the nephews before the uncle Collatinus, seemed equally (as indeed it was) shocking; yet h…
Marcius is summoned by tribunes, refuses the submissive tone they expect, and is condemned to death; patricians rescue him, and the tribunes agree to try him by vote on a later market day.
he should follow his natural disposition, which they rather expected from their judgment of his character, then that he might thus make the breach final between himself and the people. He came, therefore, as it were, to make his apology, and clear himself; in which belief the people kept silence, and gave him a quiet hearing. But when, instead of the submissive and deprecatory language expected from him, he began to…
Plutarch argues Aemilius’s success is not luck: Perseus’s greed makes him refuse Basternae mercenaries, while Perseus’s manipulation of Genthius backfires, leading to Genthius’s betrayal of Roman envoys and to Lucius Anicius advancing against him.
tell them the truth. So entirely did the people of Rome, that they might rule, and become masters of the world, yield obedience and service to reason and superior virtue. That Aemilius, setting forward to the war, by a prosperous voyage and successful journey, arrived with speed and safety at his camp, I attribute to good fortune; but, when I see how the war under his command was brought to a happy issue, partly by …
In the Roman camp Aemilius mourns his missing son, Scipio’s fame spreads as soldiers search the field, and Perseus’s retreat is described as flight followed by treachery and death of his treasurers.
of the day was spent in the pursuit of the fugitives, whom they followed about thirteen or fourteen miles, so that it was far in the night when they returned. All the others were met by their servants with torches, and brought back with joy and great triumph to their tents, which were set out with lights, and decked with wreaths of ivy and laurel. But the general himself was in great grief. Of the two sons that se…
Fabricius and other Roman consuls warn Pyrrhus of a physician’s poisoning plot; Pyrrhus punishes the would-be traitor and returns prisoners without ransom, but Rome demands he leave Italy, and later Pyrrhus fights again at Asculum.
and celebrated the festival of Saturn, they should be remanded. And, accordingly, they were sent back after the holidays; it being decreed pain of death for any that stayed behind. After this, Fabricius taking the consulate, a person came with a letter to the camp written by the king's principal physician, offering to take off Pyrrhus by poison, and so end the war without further hazard to the Romans, if he might ha…
King Taxiles welcomes Alexander with arguments about war’s purpose, but Alexander nevertheless insists on battle; after gifts and money, Alexander later kills those Indian soldiers who supported other cities.
as hostages." Acuphis laughed and answered, "I shall govern them with more ease, Sir, if I send you so many of the worst, rather than the best of my subjects." The extent of king Taxiles's dominions in India was thought to be as large as Egypt, abounding in good pastures, and producing beautiful fruits. The king himself had the reputation of a wise man, and at his first interview with Alexander, he spoke to him in …
Leonidas tries to lure Agis out of sanctuary through persuasion, but ultimately Agis is betrayed by Ephors Amphares, Damochares, and Arcesilaus; they seize him while he goes to the baths and bring him to a guarded prison for sentencing.
a word, if Cleombrotus were not utterly blinded by ambition, he must surely choose to be banished with so excellent a woman rather than without her to possess a kingdom. Cleombrotus thus removed, Leonidas proceeded also to displace the ephors, and to choose others in their room; then he began to consider how he might entrap Agis. At first, he endeavored by fair means to persuade him to leave the sanctuary, and part…
As Brutus delays before battle, suspicions and treason informers arise, Camulatus defects to the enemy, and Brutus initially gains ground but loses after Cassius’s soldiers’ cowardice spreads disorder.
Ethiopian is very famous, who meeting the standard-bearer at the opening the gate of the camp, was cut to pieces by the soldiers, that took it for an ill omen. Brutus, having brought his army into the field and set them in array against the enemy, paused a long while before he would fight; for, as he was reviewing the troops, suspicions were excited, and informations laid against some of them. Besides, he saw his h…
Demosthenes condemns those who sell Athens’ interests, urges that Philip must be resisted without accepting false arguments for peace, and claims internal treason must be punished before foreign conquest is possible.
errors. I will not stop to recount them, but will mention one, to which all may be referred, beseeching you not to be offended, if I boldly speak the truth. Your interests are sold on every favorable opportunity: you partake of the idleness and ease, under the charm whereof you resent not your wrongs; while other persons get the reward. [Footnote: Schaefer rightly explains [Greek: *timas*] to mean the price received…
Paine condemns Quakers for apostasy, claiming their actions against the American cause become public criminality under state or continental authority, and he explains why no one can pardon a traitor against all states.
they see not the havoc deformity has made upon them, but pleasantly mistaking wrinkles for dimples, conceive themselves yet lovely and wonder at the stupid world for not admiring them. Did no injury arise to the public by this apostacy of the Quakers from themselves, the public would have nothing to do with it; but as both the design and consequences are pointed against a cause in which the whole community are inter…
Paine addresses Americans on funding the war, praises right over popularity, and launches a detailed denunciation of Silas Deane as a hypocritical fraud and alleged traitor whose actions harmed America and France alike.
to him with respect, and that the readier, because he is not here to hear it. If it reaches him in his imprisonment, it will afford him an agreeable reflection. "As he rose like a rocket, he would fall like a stick," is a metaphor which I applied to Mr. Deane, in the first piece which I published respecting him, and he has exactly fulfilled the description. The credit he so unjustly obtained from the public, he lost…
Clearchus questions the king’s ambassador Phalinus about whether the Hellenes should yield their arms or fight; Phalinus advises resisting if possible, and warns that moving beyond truce means war.
(2) 10 A.M. (3) So the best MSS. Others read "Xenophon," which Kruger maintains to be the true reading. He suggests that "Theopompus" may have crept into the text from a marginal note of a scholiast, "Theopompus" (the historian) "gives the remark to Proxenus." Just then Clearchus returned, and wished to know what answer they had given. The words were barely out of his mouth before Phalinus interrupting,…
A man with low status repeatedly accuses a rich citizen of sedition, drawing the emperor Julian’s mockery after the man cites that the target owns a purple silk robe as “proof.”
hated, because he himself, while still a private individual and of low estate, had often experienced the petulant frenzy of many in a way which placed him in great danger. 10. And though there are many other examples of his patience in such matters, it will suffice to relate one here. A certain man laid an information against his enemy, with whom he had a most bitter quarrel, affirming that he had been guilty of out…
Friction erupts among the Thuringians and Gruthungi near the Danube: supplies are withheld, Rafts enable crossings, Fritigern and Alavivus are lured to banquets, and conflict at Marcianopolis follows.
he, fearing the issue, put to death all the guards who, partly as a compliment and partly as a guard to the chiefs, were on duty before the general's tent. 7. The people who were still around the walls heard of this with great indignation, and rising up by degrees into a resolution to avenge their kings, who, as they fancied, were being detained as prisoners, broke out with furious threats. And Fritigern, being a ma…
In AD 1049 Edward and allies fight naval and political contests involving Baldwin of Bruges and Osgod at Sandwich and Bosham, while Sweyne betrays and has Beorn killed, and then Sweyne is declared an outlaw.
earl over Devonshire, and over Somerset, and over Dorset, and over the Welsh. And Algar, the son of Leofric the earl, was appointed to the earldom which Harold before held.)) A.D. 1049. (62) This year the emperor gathered an innumerable army against Baldwin of Bruges, because he had destroyed the palace of Nimeguen, and because of many other ungracious acts that he did against him. The army was immense that he had…
Rollanz accepts the rearguard under Guenes’s command and vows that his sword will “first exact their meed,” while Rollanz later accuses Guenes of betrayal and asks for Charles’s bow.
LXVI High are the peaks, the valleys shadowful, Swarthy the rocks, the narrows wonderful. Franks passed that day all very sorrowful, Fifteen leagues round the rumour of them grew. When they were come, and Terra Major knew, Saw Gascony their land and their seigneur's, Remembering their fiefs and their honours, Their little maids, their gentle wives and true; There was not one that shed not tears for r…
Oliver and Rollanz fight and debate whether to summon Charles by olifant, while Turpin the archbishop mounts and preaches absolution and penance, then the Franks learn Guenes’s treachery and prepare to charge into the pass.
LXXXIII Says Oliver: "Pagans in force abound, While of us Franks but very few I count; Comrade Rollanz, your horn I pray you sound! If Charles hear, he'll turn his armies round." Answers Rollanz: "A fool I should be found; In France the Douce would perish my renown. With Durendal I'll lay on thick and stout, In blood the blade, to its golden hilt, I'll drown. Felon pagans to th' pass shall not come d…
Charles’s relief force arrives in the evening, and Guenelon is seized, shaved, beaten, and chained as punishment for treachery, while the Franks finally rejoin the fighting around Rollanz.
CXXXV The count Rollanz, though blood his mouth doth stain, And burst are both the temples of his brain, His olifant he sounds with grief and pain; Charles hath heard, listen the Franks again. "That horn," the King says, "hath a mighty strain!" Answers Duke Neimes: "A baron blows with pain! Battle is there, indeed I see it plain, He is betrayed, by one that still doth feign. Equip you, sir, cry out y…
Charles calls for a judgment on Guenelun, who reports that Rollant and Oliver were killed and stolen from when Guenelun betrayed the peers, while Guenelun denies treason and says only vengeance was sought.
CCLXXII "Lords and barons," Charles the King doth speak, "Of Guenelun judge what the right may be! He was in th'host, even in Spain with me; There of my Franks a thousand score did steal, And my nephew, whom never more you'll see, And Oliver, in 's pride and courtesy, And, wealth to gain, betrayed the dozen peers." "Felon be I," said Guenes, "aught to conceal! He did from me much gold and wealth forf…
An attempted assassination prompts Commodus to hate the senate, revive informers (delators), and make suspicion equal to proof; senators are executed along with those who might mourn them, including the Quintilian brothers Maximus and Condianus.
15 (return) [ Dion, l. lxxi. p. 1205 Herodian, l. i. p. 16 Hist. August p. 46.] But the words of the assassin sunk deep into the mind of Commodus, and left an indelible impression of fear and hatred against the whole body of the senate. 151 Those whom he had dreaded as importunate ministers, he now suspected as secret enemies. The Delators, a race of men discouraged, and almost extingui…
Caracalla’s guilt drives further violence: he eliminates people connected to Geta through terror and executions, silences Julia, and executes numerous nobles under the broad label “friends of Geta.”
25 (return) [ Dion, l. lxxvii. p. 1307] 251 (return) [ The most valuable paragraph of dion, which the industry of M. Manas recovered, relates to this daughter of Marcus, executed by Caracalla. Her name, as appears from Fronto, as well as from Dion, was Cornificia. When commanded to choose the kind of death she was to suffer, she burst into womanish tears; but remembering her father Marc…
Before narrating Diocletian’s reign, Gibbon dismisses Carinus: Diocletian’s intrigues lead to civil war, and in spring the forces meet at Margus where officers’ betrayal kills Carinus.
the unfortunate præfect. A charge supported by such decisive proof was admitted without contradiction, and the legions, with repeated acclamations, acknowledged the justice and authority of the emperor Diocletian. 107 104 (return) [ We are obliged to the Alexandrian Chronicle, p. 274, for the knowledge of the time and place where Diocletian was elected emperor.] 105 (return) [ Hist. August. p. 251. Eutr…
Gibbon highlights two legal safeguards against abuse: provincial governors may administer corporal punishment and death, but heavy fines and final sentencing belong to praetorian prefects; moreover, governors are barred from serving in their home province or exploiting local property and marriage ties, though Constantine laments ongoing judicial corruption.
It may be sufficient for the historian to select two singular and salutary provisions, intended to restrain the abuse of authority. 1. For the preservation of peace and order, the governors of the provinces were armed with the sword of justice. They inflicted corporal punishments, and they exercised, in capital offences, the power of life and death. But they were not authorized to indulge the…
Gibbon describes Arcadius’s harsh anti-treason edict protecting the emperor’s dependants, punishing not only deeds and thoughts but also traitors’ sons through hereditary infamy and exclusion from inheritances.
guilt was soon after circumvented and destroyed, by the more powerful villany of the minister himself, who retained sense and spirit enough to abhor the instrument of his own crimes. 10 (return) [ Drunk with riches, is the forcible expression of Zosimus, (l. v. p. 301;) and the avarice of Eutropius is equally execrated in the Lexicon of Suidas and the Chronicle of Marcellinus Chrysostom had often a…
Gibbon continues the story of Riothamus in Berry and then shifts to Roman legal politics in Gaul, describing the senatorial trial and condemnation of Arvandus, praetorian prefect, for treasonous correspondence.
up the Loire, and established his quarters in Berry, where the people complained of these oppressive allies, till they were destroyed or dispersed by the arms of the Visigoths. 96 91 (return) [ Jornandes is our best guide through the reigns of Theodoric II. and Euric, (de Rebus Geticis, c. 44, 45, 46, 47, p. 675-681.) Idatius ends too soon, and Isidore is too sparing of the information which he mig…
Darwin explains how captive ambassadors refused to betray an Indian council, summarizes General Rosas’s multi-year extermination strategy, and notes claims that it later failed.
his enemies, always places them in the front ranks, so that their numbers may be thinned. Since leaving South America we have heard that this war of extermination completely failed. Among the captive girls taken in the same engagement, there were two very pretty Spanish ones, who had been carried away by the Indians when young, and could now only speak the Indian tongue. From their account they must have come from …
Litavicus tells Aedui troops false reports of massacred leaders, tortures and executes Roman citizens, and urges revenge; Eporedorix then alerts Caesar late at night to prevent treason and mass defection.
if so many thousand men should unite themselves to the enemy, as their relations could not neglect their safety, nor the state regard it as a matter of slight importance. XL.--Caesar felt great anxiety on this intelligence, because he had always especially indulged the state of the Aedui, and, without any hesitation, draws out from the camp four light-armed legions and all the cavalry: nor had he time, at such a cri…
Cortés imprisons the five Mexican tax-gatherers and orders allied caziques to stop obeying Motecusuma and paying tribute, spreading the news that the invaders are teules, while Cortés forbids sacrificing prisoners.
_How Cortes ordered the five Mexican tax-gatherers to be imprisoned, and no further obedience to be paid Motecusuma, nor tribute to be exacted; and of the rebellion which was now excited against this monarch._ Cortes further said to the caziques, they were aware he had already assured them that the emperor, our master, had specifically commissioned him to punish all those who did evil, and in particular,…
After the agents depart, Velázquez’s supporters spark a conspiracy led by Pedro Escudero and others to seize a vessel and return to Cuba, but Bernardino de Coria confesses, leading Cortés to hold a council of war and impose executions and severe corporal punishments.
_What took place in our camp after the departure of our agents to his majesty with the gold and the letters; and the instance of severity which Cortes was compelled to give._ The suspicions of Velasquez's adherents were again aroused at the departure of our agents, and the following occurrence took place a few days after. A conspiracy was set on foot by Pedro Escudero, Juan Cormeño, Gonzalo de Umbria, a pilo…
After tribute officers return, Motecusuma offers large sums of stored treasure from his own hoard to Cortes for shipment to Spain, including chalchihuis gemstones and jewelled crossbows, with goldsmiths assisting in inventory.
and assured him he would obtain his liberty again. But Motecusuma was of a very different opinion, and desired he might be heavily chained, as the other princes had been. After the lapse of twenty days, all the officers whom Motecusuma had sent out into the provinces to collect the tribute, had returned to Mexico. He then sent for Cortes, his officers, and several of us who had been accustomed to stand sentinel in h…
Narváez’s flotilla arrives at San Juan de Ulúa after a wreck, and his forces are described in detail; he sends word to Motecusuma accusing Cortés of treason and demanding Cortés be killed or sent to Spain.
_How Narvaez arrives with the whole of his flotilla in the harbour of San Juan de Ulua, and what happened upon this._ When Narvaez had arrived with the flotilla off the mountains of San Martin, a north wind arose, which is always dangerous on these coasts. One of the vessels commanded by a cavalier, named Christobal de Morante, of Medina del Campo, was wrecked during night-time off the coast, and the greater par…
It states that the president can be removed from office through impeachment and conviction for treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.
United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors. Article III Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;--to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;--to all cases of Admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction; t…
It sets strict standards for convicting treason—two witnesses to the same overt act or confession in open court—and limits the effects of treason attainder.
Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. A person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, es…
Nicholas II restricts papal elections to cardinals, uses spiritual weapons to depose Henry IV and trigger Guelphs versus Ghibellines, recounts Rome’s sack and the origins of the kingdom of Naples under Norman Robert Guiscard.
Nicholas II. commits the election of the pope to the cardinals--First example of a prince deprived of his dominions by the pope--Guelphs and Ghibellines--Establishment of the kingdom of Naples--Pope Urban II. goes to France--The first crusade--New orders of knighthood--Saladin takes from the Christians their possessions in the east--Death of the Countess Matilda--Character of Frederick Barbarossa--Schism--Frederick c…
After Cosmo’s banishment, Rinaldo warns his allies of impending ruin, urges a return to pro-nobility policy, and a letter to Cosmo encouraging renewed conflict leads to Agnolo Acciajuoli’s torture and exile.
the cavalcade passed, Cosmo was honorably received, and was publicly visited by the Venetians, not as an exile, but with all the respect due to one in the highest station. Florence, widowed of so great a citizen, one so generally beloved, seemed to be universally sunk in despondency; victors and the vanquished were alike in fear. Rinaldo, as if inspired with a presage of his future calamities, in order not to appear…
Gherardo Gambacorti, lord of Val di Bagno, attempts to trade his territories to the king of Naples, but Florentines investigate, arrest leverage his son, and Antonio Gualandi defends the fortress for Florence.
though some may applaud his intentions, he must stand charged with deficiency of understanding; for such undertakings, though possessing some slight appearance of glory, are almost always attended with ruin. Gherardo Gambacorti was lord of Val di Bagno, and his ancestors as well as himself had always been in the pay or under the protection of the Florentines. Alfonso endeavored to induce him to exchange his territor…
The shipwrecked troops evade and capture Chipangu’s capital through feigned flight, then siege it for seven months; the outcome is the execution of the disgraced barons and a later account of magic stones.
WHAT FURTHER CAME OF THE GREAT KAAN’S EXPEDITION AGAINST CHIPANGU. You see those who were left upon the Island, some 30,000 souls, as I have said, did hold themselves for dead men, for they saw no possible means of escape. And when the King of the Great Island got news how the one part of the expedition had saved themselves upon that Isle, and the other part was scattered and fled, he …
Smith suggests that if Parliament’s taxing power were firmly established without colonial consent, colonial assemblies—and American leaders’ importance—would collapse, fueling resistance and potential war.
case the colony assemblies should attempt to evade or reject them; and what those means are, it is not very easy to conceive, and it has not yet been explained. Should the parliament of Great Britain, at the same time, be ever fully established in the right of taxing the colonies, even independent of the consent of their own assemblies, the importance of those assemblies would, from that moment, be at an end, and wi…
He teaches that usurpers are unsafe while those dispossessed still live, using Tarquin’s conflicts with the sons of Ancus and Servius Tullius’s attempts to conciliate them, and concluding that old injuries cannot be healed by later favors.
From what befell the elder Tarquin at the hands of the sons of Ancus, and Servius Tullius at the hands of Tarquin the Proud, we see what an arduous and perilous course it is to strip a king of his kingdom and yet suffer him to live on, hoping to conciliate him by benefits. We see, too, how the elder Tarquin was ruined by his belief that he held the kingdom by a just title, since it had been given him by the people an…
He turns to conspiracies, arguing they are riskier and more common than open war because access and motives exist for many, then starts analyzing conspiracy causes, especially universal hatred of a prince.
It were an omission not to say something on the subject of conspiracies, these being a source of much danger both to princes and to private men. For we see that many more princes have lost their lives and states through these than in open warfare; power to wage open war upon a prince being conceded to few, whereas power to conspire against him is denied to none. On the other hand, since conspiracies are attended at e…
King Inge sends a letter to King Sigurd at Nidaros demanding Sigurd come with troops to unite against shared enemies, warning that refusal will lead Inge to attack.
11. SIGURD SLEMBE TAKEN PRISONER. A man called Thrand Gialdkere was the steersman of King Inge's ship. It was come so far, that Inge's men were rowing in small boats between the ships after those who were swimming in the water, and killed those they could get hold of. Sigurd Slembe threw himself overboard after his ship had lost her crew, stripped off his armour under the water, and then swam with his shield over hi…
He compares crimes by their effects: harms to many, future spread, and doctrines contrary to the established religion are worse, as are offenses undermining the sovereign’s authority, crimes of “laesae majestas,” bribery, false testimony, and public treason-like acts.
Comparison Of Crimes From Their Effects Again, if we compare Crimes by the mischiefe of their Effects, First, the same fact, when it redounds to the dammage of many, is greater, than when it redounds to the hurt of few. And therefore, when a fact hurteth, not onely in the present, but also, (by example) in the future, it is a greater Crime, than if it hurt onely in the present: for the former, is a fertile Crime, an…
The draft grants citizens interstate privileges and immunities, requires extradition of fugitives on executive demand, mandates full faith and credit for state records, and sets procedures for admitting new states and protecting against domestic insurrection.
inroads on the existing system; intimating as one reason, that it would be wrong to lose every amendment, by inserting such as would not be agreed to by the States. [37] "M^r Sherman exhibits the oddest shaped character I ever remember to have met with. He is awkward, un-meaning, and unaccountably strange in his manner. But in his train of thinking there is something regular, deep, and …
The Sompnour’s character is expanded as a low “harlot” type who tricks people and fears church curses, then Chaucer introduces the Pardoner from Rome selling indulgences with staged relics.
as well as can the Pope. *call But whoso would in other thing him grope*, *search Then had he spent all his philosophy, Aye, Questio quid juris,<51> would he cry. He was a gentle harlot* and a kind; *a low fellow<52> A better fellow should a man not find. He woulde suffer, for a quart of wine, A good fellow to have his concubine A twelvemonth, and excuse him at the full. Full privily a *finch eke …