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Often appears with: religious persecution and toleration · prayer and worship · myth and the gods of the nations · the nature and attributes of God · justice as a virtue · equity, mercy, and pardon · scripture and its interpretation · conquest, plunder, and captives · priesthood and religious office · conversion and faith · temples, shrines, and sacred places · fate, destiny, and necessity
Usually: argument (114) · narrative (112) · detachment (87) · reverence (86) · curiosity (62) · wonder (42) · the test or trial (38) · censure (36) · confronting death (35) · exhortation (33)
“O am I to live the god's slave? feodary be to Cybele? Or a Maenad I, an eunuch? or a part of a body slain?” Gaius Valerius Catullus (translated by Robinson Ellis), The Poems and Fragments of Catullus · observation
“In a solemn assembly of the Swedes and Goths, he wounded himself in nine mortal places, hastening away (as he asserted with his dying voice) to prepare the feast of heroes in the palace of the God of war.” Edward Gibbon, History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire · vivid
“Oh, Dulcinea del Toboso, day of my night, glory of my pain, guide of my path, star of my fortune, so may Heaven grant thee in full all thou seekest of it, bethink thee of the place and condition to which absence from thee has brought me,” Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Don Quixote · vivid
“It is in vain to hope to guard against events too mighty for human foresight or precaution, and it would be idle to object to a government because it could not perform impossibilities.” Alexander Hamilton; John Jay; James Madison, The Federalist Papers · precept
“Depend upon it, Sir, severe laws, steadily enforced, would be sufficient against those evils, and would promote marriage.” James Boswell, Boswell's Life of Johnson · precept
“In all countries there has been fornication, as in all countries there has been theft; but there may be more or less of the one, as well as of the other, in proportion to the force of law.” James Boswell, Boswell's Life of Johnson · insight
“Almighty and most merciful Father, I am now as to human eyes, it seems, about to commemorate, for the last time, the death of thy Son JESUS CHRIST, our Saviour and Redeemer.” James Boswell, Boswell's Life of Johnson · insight
“When I had prayed sufficiently to the dead, I cut the throats of the two sheep and let the blood run into the trench, whereon the ghosts came trooping up from Erebus—brides, young bachelors, old men worn out with toil, maids who had been crossed in love, and brave men who had been killed in battle, with their armour still smirched with blood;” Homer, The Odyssey · vivid
“My friend, methinks that thou wilt in no sort be a coward and a weakling, if indeed in thy youth the gods thus follow with thee to be thy guides.” Homer, The Odyssey of Homer · precept
“Also thou shalt shrive thee of all thy sins to one man, and not a parcel to one man, and a parcel to another; that is to understand, in intent to depart thy confession for shame or dread; for it is but strangling of thy soul.” Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, and Other Poems · precept
“For I shall not say that that which is done in worship of the god in Egypt came accidentally to be the same with that which is done among the Hellenes, for then these rites would have been in character with the Hellenic worship and not lately brought in;” Herodotus, The History of Herodotus — Volume 1 · insight
“For himself alone separately the man who sacrifices may not request good things in his prayer, but he prays that it may be well with all the Persians and with the king; for he himself also is included of course in the whole body of Persians.” Herodotus, The History of Herodotus — Volume 1 · insight
After reaching Pylos at sunrise, Telemachus—guided by Minerva—joins a festival of black bulls for Poseidon, is welcomed by Nestor’s household, and participates in prayers and dinner before speaking with Nestor.
TELEMACHUS VISITS NESTOR AT PYLOS. but as the sun was rising from the fair sea24 into the firmament of heaven to shed light on mortals and immortals, they reached Pylos the city of Neleus. Now the people of Pylos were gathered on the sea shore to offer sacrifice of black bulls to Neptune lord of the Earthquake. There were nine guilds with five hundred men in each, and there were nine bulls to each guild. As they wer…
After escaping the thrown rocks, Odysseus returns to his other ships, shares the Cyclops’s sheep, sacrifices the ram to Zeus, then feasts through the day and sails at dawn with grief for the dead.
rudder. The sea quaked as the rock fell into it, and the wash of the wave it raised drove us onwards on our way towards the shore of the island. “When at last we got to the island where we had left the rest of our ships, we found our comrades lamenting us, and anxiously awaiting our return. We ran our vessel upon the sands and got out of her on to the sea shore; we also landed the Cyclops’ sheep, and divided them eq…
Circe tells Odysseus they must consult Teiresias in the house of Hades, giving a detailed ritual route across Oceanus and specific offerings and prayers to the dead and Proserpine.
and said, ‘Sir, it is time you began to think about going home, if so be you are to be spared to see your house and native country at all.’ “Thus did they speak and I assented. Thereon through the livelong day to the going down of the sun we feasted our fill on meat and wine, but when the sun went down and it came on dark the men laid themselves down to sleep in the covered cloisters. I, however, after I had got int…
Odysseus sails with sheep as offerings, reaches the misty land of the Cimmerians, makes a trench and drink offerings, and calls up ghosts by pouring sacrificial blood until Teiresias arrives.
THE VISIT TO THE DEAD.88 “Then, when we had got down to the sea shore we drew our ship into the water and got her mast and sails into her; we also put the sheep on board and took our places, weeping and in great distress of mind. Circe, that great and cunning goddess, sent us a fair wind that blew dead aft and staid steadily with us keeping our sails all the time well filled; so we did whatever wanted doing to the s…
Agamemnon and Achilles recount the lavish mourning for Achilles: Thetis arrives with immortal nymphs, the muses sing, the funeral lasts days, and there are sacrifices and burning rites before Hermes brings the suitors’ ghosts to them.
checked them saying, ‘Hold, Argives, fly not sons of the Achaeans, this is his mother coming from the sea with her immortal nymphs to view the body of her son.’ “Thus he spoke, and the Achaeans feared no more. The daughters of the old man of the sea stood round you weeping bitterly, and clothed you in immortal raiment. The nine muses also came and lifted up their sweet voices in lament—calling and answering one anot…
As night falls, Athene instructs them to continue the ritual—cut tongues of the victims, pour libations to Poseidon and other gods, and prepare for sleep—while Nestor urges Telemachus not to depart until morning.
where is Menelaus of the fair hair. Do thou thyself entreat him, that he may give thee unerring answer. He will not lie to thee, for he is very wise.” [6] Reading ἄστεος. v. 1. Ἄργεος, which must be wrong. Thus he spake, and the sun went down and darkness came on. Then the goddess, grey-eyed Athene, spake among them, saying: “Yea, old man, thou hast told all this thy tale aright. But come, cut up the tongues of the…
Nestor perceives Athene’s divine presence in her eagle form, offers a further heifer sacrifice, hosts Telemachus overnight in his house, and sets up instructions for a morning departure by ritual preparations.
amazement fell on all that saw it, and the old man he marvelled when his eyes beheld it. And he took the hand of Telemachus and spake and hailed him: “My friend, methinks that thou wilt in no sort be a coward and a weakling, if indeed in thy youth the gods thus follow with thee to be thy guides. For truly this is none other of those who keep the mansions of Olympus, save only the daughter of Zeus, the driver of the …
At dawn the family performs a detailed heifer sacrifice to Athene—gilding horns, pouring barley and wine, cutting and roasting—then bathes and clothes Telemachus, and finally yokes horses and supplies the travelers for travel.
and speak to the handmaids within that they make ready a banquet through our famous halls, and fetch seats and logs to set about the altar, and bring clear water.” Thus he spake and lo, they all hastened to the work. The heifer she came from the field, and from the swift gallant ship came the company of great-hearted Telemachus; the smith came holding in his hands his tools, the instruments of his craft, anvil and h…
Eidothee creates a trap at sea-shore: Menelaus and his men lie hidden with seal skins, neutralize the stench with ambrosia, seize Proteus as he transforms, then Menelaus learns Proteus’s demand for hecatombs and an additional return passage to Aegyptus.
let the ancient one go free, and ask him which of the gods is hard upon thee, and as touching thy returning, how thou mayest go over the teeming deep.’ “Therewith she dived beneath the heaving sea, but I betook me to the ships where they stood in the sand, and my heart was darkly troubled as I went. But after I had come down to the ship and to the sea, and we had made ready our supper and immortal night had come on,…
Eumaeus prepares a sacrificial meal for the guest, burns offerings to Hermes and the gods, gives Odysseus an honored portion of boar, and settles into supper and rest as Zeus rains all night.
the swine they shut up to sleep in their lairs, and a mighty din arose as the swine were being stalled. Then the goodly swineherd called to his fellows, saying: “Bring the best of the swine, that I may sacrifice it for a guest of mine from a far land: and we too will have good cheer therewith, for we have long suffered and toiled by reason of the white-tusked swine, while others devour the fruit of our labour withou…
Odysseus summons Eurycleia, tells her to call Penelope and gather women, purges the house with sulphur and fire, and prepares to reveal what he has done while Telemachus and servants remove bodies and clean the hall.
to the nurse Eurycleia: “Up now, aged wife, that overlookest all the women servants in our halls, come hither, my father calls thee and has somewhat to say to thee.” Even so he spake, and wingless her speech remained, and she opened the doors of the fair-lying halls, and came forth, and Telemachus led the way before her. So she found Odysseus among the bodies of the dead, stained with blood and soil of battle, like …
God tests Abraham by commanding him to sacrifice Isaac on Mount Moriah; Abraham proceeds to the altar, but an angel stops him, provides a ram, and promises descendants who will bless all nations.
After these deeds, God did prove Abraham and said unto him: Abraham. And he answered: here am I. And he said: take thy only son Isaac whom thou lovest, and get thee unto the land of Moria, and sacrifice him there for a sacrifice upon one of the mountains which I will shew thee. Then Abraham rose up early in the morning and saddled his ass, and took two of his meiny with him, and Isaac his sonne: and clove wood for th…
The LORD institutes Passover for Israel: slaughtering a spotless male lamb, marking doorposts with blood, eating roasted meat with unleavened bread and bitter herbs, and observing it as an everlasting holy custom.
And the LORD spake unto Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt saying: This month shall be your chief month: even the first month of the year shall it be unto you. Speak ye unto all the fellowship of Israel saying: that they take the tenth day of this month to every household, a sheep. If the household be too few for a sheep, then let him and his neighbour that is next unto this house, take according to the number of s…
Passover is extended across days of sweet bread, with Israelites instructed to keep away from leaven; Moses tells elders to mark doors with hyssop blood, and at midnight the firstborn of Egypt die while Pharaoh orders Israel to leave.
The first month and the fourteenth day of the month at even, ye shall eat sweet bread unto the twenty first day of the month at even again. Seven days see that there be no leavened bread found in your houses. For whosoever eateth leavened bread, that soul shall be rooted out from the multitude of Israel: whether he be a stranger or born in the land. Therefore see that ye eat no leavened bread, but in all your habitat…
It gives the ordination ceremony for making Aaron and his sons priests, commanding sacrifices, anointing, washing, and blood rites on the altar with specified animals and breads.
This is the thing that thou shalt do unto them when thou hallowest them to be my priests. Take one ox and two rams that are without blemish, and unleavened bread and cakes of sweet bread tempered with oil and wafers of sweet bread anointed with oil (of wheaten flour shalt thou make them) and put them in a maund and bring them in the maund with the oil and the two rams. And bring Aaron and his sons unto the door of th…
It continues the ordination ritual: sprinkling blood and anointing oil on priests and garments, waving offering parts before the LORD, sanctifying priestly duties for seven days.
Then take of the blood that is upon the altar and of the anointing oil, and sprinkle it upon Aaron and his vestments, and upon his sons and upon their garments also. Then is he and his clothes holy and his sons and their clothes holy also. Then take the fat of the ram and his rump and the fat that covereth the inwards and the caul of the liver and, the two kidneys, and the fat that is upon them and the right shoulder…
It sets the continual daily burnt offering for sanctifying the altar and tabernacle, declares God’s meeting with Israel, and recalls deliverance from Egypt as the reason for covenant holiness.
Seven days thou shalt reconcile the altar and sanctify it, that it may be an altar most holy: so that no man may twich it but they that be consecrate. This is that which thou shalt offer upon the altar: two lambs of one year old day by day for ever, the one thou shalt offer in the morning and the other at even. And unto the one lamb take a tenth deal of flour mingled with the fourth part of an hin of beaten oil, and …
It instructs construction and use of the golden altar of incense, annual reconciliation with sin offering blood, a census tax for atonement, and the brass laver for priestly washing.
And thou shalt make an altar to burn cense therein, of sethim wood: a cubit long, and a cubit broad, even foursquare shall it be and two cubits, high: with horns proceeding out of it, and thou shalt overlay it with fine gold both the roof and the walls round about, and his horns also, and shalt make unto it a crown of gold round about, and two golden rings on either side, even under the crown, to put staves therein f…
While Moses is away on the mountain, Israel makes a molten golden calf via Aaron, declares it their god who brought them out of Egypt, offers sacrifices, eats and plays, and God tells Moses the people have turned aside.
And when the people saw that it was long or Moses came down out of the mountain, they gathered them selves together and came unto Aaron and said unto him: Up and make us a god to go before us: for of this Moses the fellow that brought us out of the land of Egypt, we wote not what is become. And Aaron said unto them: pluck off the golden earings which are in the ears of your wives, your sons and of your daughters: and…
God calls Moses from the tabernacle and gives instructions for offering burnt sacrifices of cattle—choosing unblemished animals, laying on hands, handling blood, and burning portions on the altar.
And the LORD called Moses, and spake unto him out of the tabernacle of witness saying: Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them: Whosoever of you shall bring a gift unto the LORD, shall bring it of the cattle: even of the oxen and of the sheep. If he bring a burntoffering of the oxen he shall offer a male without blemish, and shall bring him to the door of the tabernacle of witness, that he may be accepte…
Moses is told rules for grain (meat) offerings: fine flour with oil and frankincense, prescribed handling as a memorial on the altar, and prohibitions on leaven and honey.
If any soul will offer a meatoffering unto the LORD, his offering shall be fine flour, and he shall pour thereto oil, and put frankincense thereon, and shall bring it unto Aaron's sons the priests. And one of them shall take thereout his handful of the flour, and of the oil with all the frankincense, and burn it for a memorial upon the altar: an offering of a sweet savour unto the LORD. And the remnant of the meatoff…
Instructions are given for peace offerings from oxen, sheep, and goats—how to present the animal, sprinkle blood, burn prescribed fat portions, and forbid eating fat and blood.
If any man bring a peaceoffering of the oxen: whether it be male or female, he shall bring such as is without blemish, before the LORD, and let him put his hand upon the head of his offering, and kill it before the door of the tabernacle of witness. And Aaron's sons the priests, shall sprinkle the blood upon the altar round about. And they shall offer of the peaceoffering to be a sacrifice unto the LORD: the fat that…
God addresses sins committed through ignorance, distinguishing the anointed priest and the whole community, and prescribes sin offerings with blood manipulation inside the tabernacle and burning outside the camp.
And the LORD talked with Moses saying: speak unto the children of Israel and say: when a soul sinneth thorow ignorance, and hath done any of those things which the LORD hath forbidden in his commandments to be done: If the priest that is anointed sin and make the people to do amiss, he shall bring for his sin which he hath done: an ox without blemish unto the LORD for a sinoffering. And he shall bring the ox unto the…
A brief continuation states that when a sinner offers a sheep (as a sin offering), the priest burns the prescribed parts on the altar and makes atonement so the person is forgiven.
And he shall take away all the fat thereof, as the fat of the sheep of the peaceofferings was taken away. And the priest shall burn it upon the altar for the LORD's {lordes} sacrifice, and the priest shall make an atonement for his sin, and it shall be forgiven him.
The law details trespass offerings and peace offerings, specifying what priests eat, timing of eating peace-offering flesh, treatment of uncleanness, and bans on eating fat and blood.
This is the law of the trespassoffering which is most holy. In the place where the burntoffering is killed, the trespassoffering shall be killed also: and his blood shall be sprinkled round about upon the altar. And all the fat thereof shall be offered: the rump and the fat that covered the inwards, and the two kidneys with the fat that lieth on them and upon the loins: and the caul on the liver shall be taken away w…
In a consecration ceremony, Moses and the people prepare Aaron and his sons, wash and dress them, anoint the tabernacle and altar, offer sin, burnt, and ordination sacrifices, and hold a seven-day vigil.
And the LORD spake unto Moses saying: take Aaron and his sons with him, and the vestures and the anointing oil, and an ox for a sinoffering and two rams and a basket of sweet bread: and gather all the community together unto the door of the tabernacle of witness. And Moses did as the LORD commanded him, and the people gathered them selves together unto the door of the tabernacle of witness. And Moses said unto the pe…
Moses commands Israelite offerings for the LORD, including specified animals and grain, as Aaron performs the sin, burnt, and peace offerings, ending with the LORD’s glory and fire consuming the sacrifice.
And the eighth day Moses called Aaron and his sons, and the elders of Israel, and said unto Aaron: take a calf for a sinoffering, and a ram for a burntoffering: both without blemish, and bring them before the LORD. And unto the children of Israel he spake saying: take ye an he goat for a sinoffering, and a calf and a lamb both two of a year old, and without blemish for a burnt sacrifice, and an ox and a ram for peace…
A brief concluding statement presents “the law” governing which beasts, fowl, water creatures, and creeping things are clean or unclean for purposes of eating.
This is the law of beast and fowl and of all manner thing that liveth and moveth in the water and of all things that creep upon the earth, that ye may put difference between unclean and clean, and between the beasts that are eaten and the beasts that are not eaten.
The law of cleansing a healed leper requires priests to present specific offerings, apply blood and oil with hyssop and cedar, release a living bird, and perform shaving, washing, and staged days of quarantine.
And the LORD spake unto Moses saying: this is the law of a leper when he shall be cleansed: He shall be brought unto the priest, and the priest shall go out without the host and look upon him. If the plague of leprosy be healed in the leper, then shall the priest command that there be brought for him that shall be cleansed two living birds that are clean, and cypress {cedar} wood, and a piece of purple cloth and hyss…
It continues the leper-cleansing procedure, including a poorer option using fewer animals, repeated blood-and-oil placement on ear, thumb, and toe, and ending with atonement before the LORD.
And of the rest of the oil that is in his hand, shall the priest put upon the tip of the right ear of him that is cleansed, and upon the thumb of his right hand, and upon the great toe of his right foot: even upon the blood of the trespass offering. And the remnant of the oil that is in the priest's hand, he shall pour upon the head of him that is cleansed: and so shall be priest make an atonement for him before the …
Rules require Israelites to bring ox, lamb, or goat offerings to the door of the tabernacle rather than slaughtering in the field, forbidding offerings to devils and forbidding eating blood, since blood is used to make atonement.
And the LORD talked with Moses saying: speak unto Aaron and unto his sons and unto all the children of Israel and say unto them, this is the thing which the LORD charged saying: whatsoever he be of the house of Israel that killeth an ox, lamb or goat in the host or out of the host and bringeth them not unto the door of the tabernacle of witness, to offer an offering unto the LORD before the dwelling place of the LORD…
Aaron and priests must avoid uncleanness when handling holy offerings, obey rules for who may eat them, and present acceptable, unblemished animals; worship practices specify timing and consumption limits.
And the LORD communed with Moses saying: bid Aaron and his sons that they abstain from the hallowed things of the children of Israel which they have hallowed unto me, that they pollute not mine holy name: for I am the LORD. Say unto them: whosoever he be of all your seed among your generation after you, that goeth unto the hallowed things which the children of Israel shall have hallowed unto the LORD, his uncleanness…
God sets out Israel’s appointed feasts: Passover and the feast of unleavened bread, weekly counting to Pentecost, and first-fruits offerings, with precise days, sacrifices, and food restrictions.
And the LORD spake unto Moses saying: speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them: These are the feasts of the LORD which ye shall call holy feasts. Six days ye shall work, and the seventh is the Sabbath of rest an holy feast: so that ye may do no work therein, for it is the Sabbath of the LORD, wheresoever ye dwell. These are the feasts of the LORD which ye shall proclaim holy in their seasons. The fourteen…
Further feast laws require holy convocations, harvesting omissions that protect the poor and stranger, and annual observances including the seventh-month remembrance, Day of Atonement, and Tabernacles.
And they shall be holy unto the LORD, and be the priest's. And ye shall make a proclamation the same day that it be an holy feast unto you, and ye shall do no laborious work therein. And it shall be a law for ever thorowout all your habitations unto your children after you. When ye reap down your harvest, thou shalt not make clean riddance of thy field, neither shalt thou make any aftergathering of thy harvest: but s…
Tabernacles regulations require taking fruit branches (including palms and willows), rejoicing for seven days, living in booths, and remembering the Exodus from Egypt as the basis of the command.
And ye shall take you the first day, the fruits of goodly trees and the branches of palm trees and the boughs of thick trees, and willows of the brook, and shall rejoice before the LORD seven days. And ye shall keep it holy day unto the LORD seven days in the year. And it shall be a law for ever unto your children after you, that ye keep that feast in the seventh month. And ye shall dwell in booths seven days: even a…
The LORD commands a ritual of the red cow: slaughter, sevenfold blood sprinkling toward the tabernacle, burning with specified materials, and using the ashes to purify anyone defiled by death.
And the LORD spake unto Moses and Aaron saying: this is the ordinance of the law which the LORD commandeth saying: speak unto the children of Israel and let them take thee a red cow without spot wherein is no blemish, and which never bare yoke upon her. And ye shall give her unto Eleazer the priest, and he shall bring her without the host and cause her to be slain before him. And Eleazar the priest shall take of her …
Balak and Balaam make repeated sacrifices on seven altars, Balaam asks whether the LORD will speak again, and Balaam’s message emphasizes God’s truthfulness and Israel’s distinctness.
that I may wete, what the LORD will say unto me once more. And God came to Balam by night and said unto him: If the men come to fetch thee, rise up and go with them: but what I say unto thee, that only thou shalt do. And Balam rose up early and saddled his ass and went with the lords of Moab. But God was angry because he went. And the angel of the LORD stood in the way against him. And he rid upon his ass and two ser…
The passage prescribes Israel’s regular offerings: daily sacrifices of two lambs morning and evening, Sabbath offerings, monthly sacrifices, and the Passover and Feast of Unleavened Bread.
And the LORD spake unto Moses saying: give the children of Israel a charge and say unto them, that they take heed to offer unto me the offering of my bread in the sacrifice of sweet savour, in his due season. And say unto them. This is the offering which ye shall offer unto the LORD: two lambs of a year old without spot day by day to be a burntoffering perpetually. One lamb thou shalt offer in the morning, and the ot…
It continues feast regulations for the seventh month, including trumpets, Day of Atonement-style humble-soul observance, an eight-day sequence of bullock numbers, and closing worship with vows and freewill offerings.
Also {and} the first day of the seventh month shall be an holy feast unto you, and ye shall do no labourious work therein. It shall be a day of trumpet blowing unto you. And ye shall offer a burntoffering of a sweet savour unto the LORD: one young bullock and one ram and seven lambs of a year old apiece that are pure. And their meatofferings of flour mingled with oil: three tenth deals unto the bullock, and two unto …
Israel is commanded to avenge the Madianites; a thousand from each tribe fights with Phinehas, kills male enemies, spares virgins, and follows purification rules before dividing the spoils.
And the LORD spake unto Moses saying: avenge the children of Israel of the Madianites, and afterward be gathered unto thy people. And Moses spake unto the folk saying: Harness some of you unto war, and let them go upon the Madianites and avenge the LORD of the Madianites. Ye shall send unto the war a thousand of every tribe thorowout all the tribes of Israel. And there were taken out of the thousands of Israel twelve…
Captured gold jewelry from the captains is used “to make an atonement,” and the gold is brought into the tabernacle of witness as a memorial for Israel.
We have therefore brought a present unto the LORD what every man found of Iewels of gold, chains, bracelets, rings, earrings and spangles, to make an atonement for our souls before the LORD. And Moses and Eleazer took the gold of them: Iewels of all manner fashions. And all the gold of the heave offering of the LORD, of the captains over thousands and hundreds was sixteen thousand seven hundred and fifty sicles, whic…
In Bethany, Jesus is anointed by a woman at Simon the leper’s house, Judas agrees to betray him for thirty pieces of silver, and during the Passover meal Jesus institutes the bread and cup as his body and blood.
of him: but woe be to that man, by whom the son of man shall be betrayed. It had been good for that man, if he had never been born. Then Iudas which betrayed him, answered and said: is it I master? He said unto him: thou hast said. As they did ate, Iesus took bread and gave thanks, brake it, and gave it to the disciples, and said: Take, eat, this is my body. And he took the cup, and gave thanks, and gave it them, sa…
In Bethania, Jesus is anointed by a woman, Judas agrees to betray him, they prepare and eat the Passover, and Jesus institutes the bread and cup as his body and blood.
said: what needed this waste of ointment? For it might have been sold for more than two hundred pence, and been given unto the poor. And they grudged against her. And Iesus said: let her be in rest, why grieve ye her? She hath done a good work on me. Yea, and ye shall have poor with you all ways: and whensoever ye will ye may do them good: but me ye shall not have always. She hath done that she could: she came afore…
It quotes Jeremiah on the new covenant written on minds and hearts, then describes the tabernacle’s two veils and sacrificial system as temporary, pointing to Christ’s purification by his own blood.
I took them by the hands, to lead them out of the land of Egypt, for they continued not in my testament, and I regarded them not saith the lord. For this is the testament that I will make with the house of Israhell: After those days (saith the lord:) I will put my laws in their minds, and in their hearts, I will write them, and I will be their God, and they shall be my people. And they shall not teach, every man his…
The text explains that the blood of Christ purges consciences and mediates the new testament through death, compares animal blood to Christ’s heavenly entry, and concludes with final judgment.
more shall the blood of Christ (which thorow the eternal spirit, offered himself without spot to God) purge our {your} consciences from dead works, for to serve the living God? And for this cause is he the mediator of the new testament, that as sone (as his death was fulfilled for the redemption of those transgressions that were in the first testament) they which were called, might receive the promise of eternal inh…
It contrasts continual law sacrifices with Christ’s single offering, urges bold access through the new way in Christ’s flesh, and warns that willful sin after knowing truth faces fearful judgment.
o God: he taketh away the first to stablish the latter. By the which will we are sanctified, by the offering of the body of Iesu Christ once for all. And every priest is ready daily ministering, and often times offereth one manner of offering, which can never take away sins: but this man after he had offered one sacrifice for sins, sat him down for ever on the right hand of God, and from henceforth tarrieth till his…
The Senate assigns provincial commands and reports prodigies across Italy and Rome (omens like lightning and speaking beasts), which are expiated through sacrifices and a city-wide supplication order.
and that he was himself confessedly such an one, he thought less of the personal odium which might arise out of the transaction, than of the good of the state. 10. On the day on which the consuls entered on their office, the senate was assembled in the Capitol, and in the first place a decree was passed to the effect that the consuls should draw lots, and settle between themselves which should hold the election for …
The ambassadors add that sacrilege against Proserpina’s temple at Locri brought divine punishment, describing Pyrrhus’s loss of sacred money and claiming Pleminius’s impious acts will force Roman expiation and bring disasters.
ever suffer. All the enormities which the most cruel and savage tyrants are wont to perpetrate upon their oppressed subjects, Pleminius has perpetrated upon ourselves, our children, and our wives. 18. "There is one circumstance, however, in complaining of which particularly we may be allowed to yield to our deeply-rooted sense of religion, and indulge a hope that you will listen to it; and, if it shall seem good to …
Accounts differ on how Pleminius was captured, but the praetor and deputies at Locri restore sacrilege money, expiate it with rites, order soldiers to leave and free people to be returned, and then decide Scipio is not to be tried there.
by their own observation relative to the facts which had been so generally talked of, concerning the dress and indolent habits of the general, and the relaxation of military discipline. 22. While they were on their way to Syracuse, Scipio prepared to clear himself, not by words but facts. He ordered all his troops to assemble there, and the fleet to be got in readiness, as though a battle had been to be fought that …
Hamilton answers that opposition could be overcome by the same machinery used against disorderly private individuals, and that extraordinary revolutions exceed any government’s ability to prevent.
not often be made with levity or rashness, because they could seldom be made without danger to the authors, unless in cases of a tyrannical exercise of the federal authority. If opposition to the national government should arise from the disorderly conduct of refractory or seditious individuals, it could be overcome by the same means which are daily employed against the same evil under the State governments. The mag…
Juno, angry that fate allows the Trojans to reach Italy, asks Aeolus to release winds from his mountain prison to sink and scatter Aeneas’s fleet, promising Deiopeia as reward.
shores, Ent’ring with cheerful shouts the wat’ry reign, And plowing frothy furrows in the main; When, lab’ring still with endless discontent, The Queen of Heav’n did thus her fury vent: “Then am I vanquish’d? must I yield?” said she, “And must the Trojans reign in Italy? So Fate will have it, and Jove adds his force; Nor can my pow’r divert their happy course. Could angry Pallas, with revenge…
Dido stages a secret pyre with Trojan spoils and a bridal bed, while the priestess performs rites to Hecate and infernal powers, sprinkling tainted substances and sacrificing a foal to summon death and destroy Aeneas’ chances.
the bridal bed be plac’d, Where I my ruin in his arms embrac’d: All relics of the wretch are doom’d to fire; For so the priestess and her charms require.” Thus far she said, and farther speech forbears; A mortal paleness in her face appears: Yet the mistrustless Anna could not find The secret fun’ral in these rites design’d; Nor thought so dire a rage possess’d her mind. Unknowing of a …
At Apollo’s and Diana’s temple, the Sibyl demands Aeneas hurry the sacrifice, then speaks in terror as her prophecy takes hold, while Aeneas prays for Troy’s future conquest of Latium and for her guidance to be fixed in rites.
had found his part, Had not the father’s grief restrain’d his art. He twice assay’d to cast his son in gold; Twice from his hands he dropp’d the forming mould. All this with wond’ring eyes Aeneas view’d; Each varying object his delight renew’d: Eager to read the rest, Achates came, And by his side the mad divining dame, The priestess of the god, Deiphobe her name. “Time suffers not,” sh…
Aeneas holds a feast after scouts find local geography, interprets a famine omen about eating trenchers as fulfilling Anchises’ prophecy, crowns himself with leaves, performs vows, sends envoys for peace, and fortifies the camp’s defenses.
These answers, in the silent night receiv’d, The king himself divulg’d, the land believ’d: The fame thro’ all the neighb’ring nations flew, When now the Trojan navy was in view. Beneath a shady tree, the hero spread His table on the turf, with cakes of bread; And, with his chiefs, on forest fruits he fed. They sate; and, (not without the god’s command,) Their homely fare dispatch’d, the hungr…
Aeneas, exhausted on the banks of the Tiber, is visited in a vision by Father Tiber, who promises victory and peace, foretells Ascanius’ town-building, instructs proper worship of Juno, and is accompanied by the omen of a white sow and thirty piglets.
here and there divide, And cast their dubious beams from side to side; Now on the walls, now on the pavement play, And to the ceiling flash the glaring day. ’Twas night; and weary nature lull’d asleep The birds of air, and fishes of the deep, And beasts, and mortal men. The Trojan chief Was laid on Tiber’s banks, oppress’d with grief, And found in silent slumber late relief. Then, thro’…
Plutarch further ties Numa to Pythagorean philosophy by describing his aniconic view of God, non-blood sacrifices, priestly origins, and the sacred wooden bridge.
Who, of the glory of a juggler proud, With solemn talk imposed upon the crowd. In like manner Numa spoke of a certain goddess or mountain nymph that was in love with him, and met him in secret, as before related; and professed that he entertained familiar conversation with the Muses, to whose teaching he ascribed the greatest part of his revelations; and amongst them, above all, he recommended to the veneration of t…
This passage outlines vestal statutes under Numa: thirty-year vows, privileges like making a will and legal protections, and the punishments for offenses, culminating in the ritual burial of a vestal who breaks her vow.
with regret and melancholy; so that the greater number, from religious fears and scruples, forbore, and continued to old age and death in the strict observance of a single life. For this condition he compensated by great privileges and prerogatives; as that they had power to make a will in the lifetime of their father; that they had a free administration of their own affairs without guardian or tutor, which was the …
When Tarquin’s property is seized, the Romans dedicate Tarquin’s field of Mars to Jupiter by throwing harvest sheaves into the river; the resulting buildup becomes a sacred island called inter duos pontes.
popularity; and from this Vindicius, a perfect manumission is called to this day vindicta. This done, the goods of the kings were exposed to plunder, and the palace to ruin. The pleasantest part of the field of Mars, which Tarquin had owned, was devoted to the service of that god; it happening to be harvest season, and the sheaves yet being on the ground, they thought it not proper to commit them to the flail, or un…
Xerxes watches the battle from a promontory, then Themistocles sacrifices three richly dressed prisoners as divination interprets omens as a sign of victory for Bacchus.
those hills which are called the Horns, where he sat in a chair of gold, with many secretaries about him to write down all that was done in the fight. When Themistocles was about to sacrifice, close to the admiral's galley, there were three prisoners brought to him, fine looking men, and richly dressed in ornamented clothing and gold, said to be the children of Artayctes and Sandauce, sister to Xerxes. As soon as t…
In the tenth year of the war, Camillus becomes dictator, vows games and a temple to Matuta-Mother, defeats the Faliscans and Capenates, then takes Veii by mines and a coordinated assault, earning him Juno’s statue for Rome despite later caution from superstition.
the lower grounds, and so dry it up; which message being delivered, the priests performed what related to the sacrifices, and the people went to work and turned the water. And now the senate, in the tenth year of the war, taking away all other commands, created Camillus dictator, who chose Cornelius Scipio for his general of horse. And in the first place he made vows unto the gods, that, if they would grant a happy…