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Often appears with: fate, destiny, and necessity · language, naming, and meaning · books, libraries, and learning · geography and the description of places · translation and the transmission of texts · religious persecution and toleration · justice as a virtue · logic, method, and demonstration · reason and the intellect · censorship and the press · education and the training of the young · counsel and advisers to rulers
Usually: curiosity (555) · detachment (522) · argument (465) · skepticism (461) · commentary or gloss (366) · reflection (299) · narrative (129) · wonder (121) · exhortation (108) · censure (99)
“It will thus resemble a living organism in all its unity, and produce the pleasure proper to it.” Aristotle, The Poetics of Aristotle · vivid
“A long habit of not thinking a thing wrong, gives it a superficial appearance of being right, and raises at first a formidable outcry in defense of custom. But the tumult soon subsides. Time makes more converts than reason.” Thomas Paine, Common Sense · insight
“Society is produced by our wants, and government by our wickedness; the former promotes our happiness positively by uniting our affections, the latter negatively by restraining our vices.” Thomas Paine, Common Sense · insight
“Great art has no limits of locality or time. Its tidings are timeless, and its messages are universal.” Euripides, The Trojan women of Euripides · insight
“Yet it is only the crying of one of the great wrongs of the world wrought into music.” Euripides, The Trojan women of Euripides · observation
“That consequently the whole history of mankind (since the dissolution of primitive tribal society, holding land in common ownership) has been a history of class struggles, contests between exploiting and exploited, ruling and oppressed classes;” Karl Marx; Friedrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party · insight
“the exploited and the oppressed class—the proletariat—cannot attain its emancipation from the sway of the exploiting and ruling class—the bourgeoisie—without, at the same time, and once for all, emancipating society at large from all exploitation, oppression, class distinctions and class struggles.” Karl Marx; Friedrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party · precept
“The history of all past society has consisted in the development of class antagonisms, antagonisms that assumed different forms at different epochs.” Karl Marx; Friedrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party · insight
“When, in the course of development, class distinctions have disappeared and all production has been concentrated in the hands of a vast association of the whole nation, the public power will lose its political character.” Karl Marx; Friedrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party · insight
“His love of conversation, his affection, his indifference to riches, even his garrulity, are interesting traits of character.” Plato, The Republic · observation
“But then I suppose you will say that what he creates is untrue. And yet there is a sense in which the painter also creates a bed? Yes, he said, but not a real bed.” Plato, The Republic · observation
“For, if we except the sacred annals of the Jews, contained in the several books of the Old Testament, there is no other work extant, ancient or modern, which exhibits at one view a regular and chronological panorama of a PEOPLE, described in rapid succession by different writers, through so many ages, in their own vernacular LANGUAGE.” (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; translator/editor) James Ingram, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle · insight
The introduction argues that Muhammad’s originality lay mainly in reusing Jewish, Christian, and Arabian traditions with a distinctive manner, and that the Qur’an helped launch medieval philosophical and literary movements.
later on, frequently descended to deliberate invention and artful rhetoric. He, in fact, accommodated his moral sense to the circumstances in which the r\oc\le he had to play involved him. On the question of originality there can hardly be two opinions now that the Koran has been thoroughly compared with the Christian and Jewish traditions of the time; and it is, besides some original Arabian legends, to those only …
A bibliography lists English translations of the Qur’an and related scholarship, then includes a dedication to Sir William Martin by the translator.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS. From the original Arabic by G. Sale, 1734, 1764, 1795, 1801; many later editions, which include a memoir of the translator by R. A. Davenport, and notes from Savary's version of the Koran; an edition issued by E. M. Wherry, with additional notes and commentary (Tr\du\ubner's Oriental Series), 1882, etc.; Sale's translation has also been edited in the Chandos Classics, and a…
It argues that the standardized Qur’an text did not follow strict chronology because Zaid largely placed longer well-known suras first, leaving a patchwork arrangement with cross-period mixing and embedded verses.
readings. Copies of the text formed were thus forwarded to several of the chief military stations in the new empire, and all previously existing copies were committed to the flames. Zaid and his coadjutors, however, do not appear to have arranged the materials which came into their hands upon any system more definite than that of placing the longest and best known Suras first, immediately after the Fatthah, or openi…
The preface states that this translation’s sura order uses Muslim traditions and modern scholarly criticism (Weil, Muir, Noldeke), and it claims Qur’an suras shift from poetic Meccan admonitions to more didactic Medina legislation and warfare.
and honesty of purpose which forbade him, as it certainly did, in any way to tamper with the sacred text, to suppress contradictory, and exclude or soften down inaccurate, statements. The arrangement of the Suras in this translation is based partly upon the traditions of the Muhammadans themselves, with reference especially to the ancient chronological list printed by Weil in his Mohammed der Prophet, as well as upo…
Margoliouth argues that early Muhammad traditions were largely unwritten for a century, later colored by factions and theology, and that reliable biographies come mainly from writers flourishing under Caliph Al-Ma‘mūn.
15, p. 339, and v. 246, p. 365, and the constant mention of guidance, direction, wandering, may have been suggested by reminiscences of his mercantile journeys in his earlier years. It may be considered quite certain that it was not customary to reduce to writing any traditions concerning Muhammad himself for at least the greater part of a century. They rested entirely on the memory of those who have handed them dow…
Margoliouth argues Muhammad likely lacked access to full Christian scriptures, notes only one direct Qur'anic quotation from scripture, and compares Qur'an wording with biblical phrases while stressing later recasting of borrowed material.
of the Zodiac, oil, the winds, etc.), which we find adopted in the Koran. These points of contact with Islam, knowing as we do Muhammad's eclecticism, can hardly be accidental. We have no evidence that Muhammad had access to the Christian Scriptures, though it is just possible that fragments of the Old or New Testament may have reached him through Chadijah or Waraka, or other Meccan Christians, possessing MSS. of th…
He claims Arabic translations of Old and New Testaments are late, argues Muhammad could learn biblical histories from Arab Jews and Christian informants, and says Qur'an materials were unified, recast, and shaped into Suras.
not that of the Koran-and these versions appear to have been made from the Septuagint, the Vulgate, Syriac, Coptic, and Greek; the four Gospels, says Tischendorf6 originem mixtam habere videntur. From the Arab Jews, Muhammad would be enabled to derive an abundant, though most distorted, knowledge of the Scripture histories. The secrecy in which he received his instructions from them, and from his Christian informant…
Margoliouth describes his translation practices and sources, discussing how Arabic text and earlier European translations were collated, and then provides a specimen translation of Qur'an Sura al-‘Alaq (Clots of Blood).
6 Prol. in N.T. p. lxxviii. 7 The date of the Bab. Gemara is A.D. 530; of the Jerusalem Gamara, A.D. 430; of the Mischina A.D. 220; See Gfrörer’s Jahrhundert des Heils, pp. 11- 44. 8 Sura xlvi. 10, p. 314. 9 Sura vi. 20, p. 318. Sura ii. 13 (p. 339), verse 98, etc. 10 Sura xxv. 5, 6, p. 159. 11 Sura. vii. 156, p. 307; xxix. 47, p. 265. 12 See Dr. Sprenger’s “Life,” p. 101. 13 Or, epileptic. 14 A line…
A continuation explains the Qur'anic opening formula and vocabulary choices (Bismillah, “recite”), gives commentary on the earliest revelations and Gabriel’s role in tradition, and notes that certain verses may reflect later Meccan opposition.
the rows of bricks in a wall. The titles of the Suras are generally taken from some word occurring in each, which is printed in large type throughout, where practicable. 2 This formula-Bismillahi 'rrahmani 'rrahim-is of Jewish origin. It was in the first instance taught to the Koreisch by Omayah of Taief, the poet, who was a contemporary with, but somewhat older than, Muhammad; and who, during his mercantile journey…
The passage continues with Qur’an Sura 54 “The Moon” describing judgment, previous prophets’ rejection (Noah, ‘Ad, Thamud, Lot, Pharaoh), and ends with themes of written deeds and paradise for the righteous.
And many as are the Angels in the Heavens, their intercession shall be of no avail8 Until God hath permitted it to whom he shall please and will accept. Verily, it is they who believe not in the life to come, who name the angels with names of females: But herein they have no knowledge: they follow a mere conceit; and mere conceit can never take the place of truth. Withdraw then from him who turneth his back on ou…
After repeated authorial commentary, the passage turns into a Quranic segment (Sura XXI) about warnings, mockery of prophets, divine revelation to earlier messengers, and the creation not as sport, plus signs in nature.
1 This Sura is said by Wahidi Intr, and by Assuyûti, 55, to be the last Meccan revelation. But there seems to be no reason for this opinion. 2 In prayer. Eccl. v. I; Matt. vi. 7. But it may be understood of idle talk generally. 3 See Sura xxii. 5, n. 4 That is, a perfect man at last, composed of soul and body. The verb halaka, to create, is used throughout, for which I have necessarily substituted to make, in orde…
A scholarly note section explains Jewish-text parallels and interpretive glosses to the Joseph narrative (e.g., imprisonment, theft accusations, and prophetic framing), preparing for the next Qur’anic sura.
8 Some take the Arabic Boshra as the proper name of the person who accompanied the drawer of water. 9 The apparition of his father, who said, "Hereafter shall the names of thy brethren, engraven on precious stones, shine on the breast of the High Priest. Shall thine be blotted out?" Tr. Sotah, fol. 36. Comp. Weil, Legenden, p. 109, n. 10 Lit. that he be imprisoned. 11 An infant in the cradle. Sepher Hadjascher, as…
This passage is largely editorial footnote material explaining rabbinic parallels (e.g., Noah) and then lists multiple interpretive notes tying Qur’anic stories to Jewish legends and historical guesses about peoples like Ad and Themoud.
The Rabbins in like manner describe the mission of Noah. Comp. Sanhedr. 108. Midr. Rabbah on Gen. par. 30, 33; and on Eccl. 9, 14. See Sura [lxxv.] xi. 40. 16 The two tribes of Ad and Themoud-the latter of whom is mentioned by Diod. Sic. and Ptolemy-lay to the north of Mecca in the direct line of traffic between the countries to the north and to the south, and both probably disappeared with its cessation, when the A…
The editor’s preface compares Pepys and John Evelyn on diary style and describes Pepys’s Great Fire of London experiences in 1666, emphasizing detailed firsthand observation and his Navy office at Seething-lane.
written "at the end of each succeeding day;" whereas the Diary of Evelyn is more the result of leisure and after- thought, and partakes more of the character of history. Pepys's account of the Great Fire of London in 1666 is full as minute as that of Evelyn, but it is mingled with a greater number of personal and official circumstances, of popular interest: the scene of dismay and confusion which it exhibits is alm…
The original editor Braybrooke explains how the diary material was prepared, stressing Pepys’s daily shorthand entries, editorial condensation for legibility, frequent theatre notes, and the diary’s overall reliability against other sources.
finished composition. We should rather consider the Work as a collection of reminiscences hastily thrown together at the end of each succeeding day, for the exclusive perusal of the Author. The Journal contains the most unquestionable evidences of veracity; and, as the writer made no scruple of committing his most secret thoughts to paper, encouraged no doubt by the confidence which he derived from the use of short-…
After Vane’s execution, Pepys continues daily business, hears talk of Vane’s courage as a miracle, visits portrait painters Peter Lely and Michael Wright, and helps negotiate an agreement about the Forest of Dean with King and Sir John Winter.
six Dutch, and the rest his own ships; which will, I fear, be ill for Portugall. I writ a letter of all this day's proceedings to my Lord, at Hinchingbroke. 18th. Up early; and after reading a little in Cicero, to my office. To my Lord Crewe's and dined with him; where I hear the courage of Sir H. Vane at his death is talked on every where as a miracle. I walked to Lilly's, the painter's, [Peter Lely, the celebra…
Pepys tears up old papers including his early Cambridge romance “Love a Cheate,” then hears of fatal fights near the new Exchange, visits Gresham College and the theatre, and watches The Indian Queen with praised performers.
very well, and wondered a little at myself at my vein at that time when I wrote it, doubting that I cannot do so well now if I would try. FEBRUARY 1, 1663-64. I hear how two men last night, justling for the wall about the new Exchange, did kill one another, each thrusting the other through; one of them of the King's Chapel, one Cave, and the other a retayner of my Lord Generall Middleton's. Thence to White Hall; w…
Pepys describes London court discussions about naval intelligence and shipbuilding, his work at the office and Thames-side contracting, reads Davila, and later reports the duke and admirals debating fleet losses and discipline.
hands, whatever evil disturbances should be in the State; though it troubles me to lose so great a profit as the King's interest of ten per cent. for that money. 12th. With Sir W. Coventry into London, to the office. And all the way I observed him mightily to make mirth of the Duke of Albemarle and his people about him, saying, that he was the happiest man in the world for doing of great things by sorry instrument…
At Whitehall and the King’s chapel Pepys sees Lady Castlemaine, then meets officials in chambers including Coventry, antiquities losses from the fire, and scholars like John Wallis, ending with conversation about the Duke of Monmouth.
in the evening from the play; which I was glad of, it being cold and dark, and she having her necklace of pearl on, and none but Mercer with her. 19th. Talked of the King's family with Mr. Hingston, the organist. He says many of the musique are ready to starve, they being five years behind hand for their wages: nay, Evens, the famous man upon the Harp, having not his equal in the world, did the other day die for …
Pepys receives a book from his bookseller Martin and hears an eyewitness account of the Great Fire’s causes and spread to St. Faith’s, then discusses court performances and King Charles II’s mistresses.
another play, called "The Duke of Lorane:" besides "Catiline," which she thinks, for want of the clothes which the King promised them, will not be acted for a good while. 14th. To my bookseller, Martin, and there did receive my book I expected of China, a most excellent book with rare cuts; and there fell into discourse with him about the burning of Paul's when the City was burned, his house being in the church-yar…
On Sunday Pepys reads his long letter with Sir William Coventry, discusses politics and a prophecy about Lord Falmouth, attends chapel and entertains himself in the Park and gardens, and hears committees about Tangier.
famous rope- dancer, was said to have received a salary from Lady Castlemaine, who had become enamoured of him.] dancing on the ropes; a thing worth seeing, and mightily followed. 30th. Lord's day. Walked to St. James's and Pell Mell, and, read over with Sir W. Coventry my long letter to the Duke of York, and which the Duke of York hath from mine wrote to the Board, wherein he is mightily pleased, and I perceive d…
The preface lists prior published editions of Pepys’s Diary (1825, 1828, 1848-49, 1854, 1875-79) and begins a biographical account of Pepys’s family origins, descent, and early life.
PREVIOUS EDITIONS OF THE DIARY. I. Memoirs of Samuel Pepys, Esq., F.R.S., Secretary to the Admiralty in the reigns of Charles II. and James II., comprising his Diary from 1659 to 1669, deciphered by the Rev. John Smith, A.B., of St. John's College, Cambridge, from the original Shorthand MS. in the Pepysian Library, and a Selection from his Private Correspondence. Edited by Richard, Lord Braybrooke. In two volume…
Lowell’s speech continues by interpreting Pepys as a ‘Philistine’ type whose naivete and sincerity make the Diary uniquely valuable, likened partly to Falstaff and compared with L’Estoile.
the highest pretender. Discharging his duty to his Prince and country with a religious application and perfect integrity, he feared no one, courted no one, and neglected his own fortune.' "That was a character drawn, it was true, by a friendly hand, but to those who were familiar with the life of Pepys, the praise hardly seemed exaggerated. As regarded his official life, it was unnecessary to dilate …
It reiterates that the spelling ‘Peyps’ and ‘Peaps’ likely represented the sound ‘Pepes,’ and contrasts editor research with the Diary’s more vivid presentation of Pepys’s true character.
pronunciation of the name was fixed, but there is every reason to suppose that the spellings of Peyps and Peaps were intended to represent the sound Pepes rather than Peeps. In spite of all the research which has brought to light so many incidents of interest in the life of Samuel Pepys, we cannot but feel how dry these facts are when placed by the side of the living details of the Diary. It is in its pages that the…
Thucydides argues that Homer’s and tradition’s estimates of Troy-era force should not be dismissed, using comparisons with destroyed cities, and he explains how Achaean numbers and ship types were constrained by subsistence and money.
was a continental power; and he could not have been master of any except the adjacent islands (and these would not be many), but through the possession of a fleet. And from this expedition we may infer the character of earlier enterprises. Now Mycenæ may have been a small place, and many of the towns of that age may appear comparatively insignificant, but no exact observer would therefore feel justified in rejecting…
Thucydides warns against common Greek misconceptions and explains his method for writing speeches and events from testimony and rigorous checking, claiming the Peloponnesian War was larger than earlier conflicts.
to be apprehended and risk their lives for nothing, fell upon Hipparchus near the temple of the daughters of Leos, and slew him as he was arranging the Panathenaic procession. There are many other unfounded ideas current among the rest of the Hellenes, even on matters of contemporary history, which have not been obscured by time. For instance, there is the notion that the Lacedaemonian kings have two votes each, the…
Sthenelaidas and Sparta vote for war, accusing Athens of harming allies and urging immediate assistance, then Thucydides shifts to historical background on how Athens’ power rose from Persian War to the Peloponnesian War.
From the end of the Persian to the beginning of the Peloponnesian War—The Progress from Supremacy to Empire The way in which Athens came to be placed in the circumstances under which her power grew was this. After the Medes had returned from Europe, defeated by sea and land by the Hellenes, and after those of them who had fled with their ships to Mycale had been destroyed, Leotychides, king of the Lacedaemonians, th…
Thucydides sets the stage for the Peloponnesian War, explaining that Corcyra and Potidaea became pretexts, while Athens strengthened its empire and Sparta finally resolved to break the treaty and start war.
Second Congress at Lacedaemon—Preparations for War and Diplomatic Skirmishes—Cylon—Pausanias—Themistocles After this, though not many years later, we at length come to what has been already related, the affairs of Corcyra and Potidæa, and the events that served as a pretext for the present war. All these actions of the Hellenes against each other and the barbarian occurred in the fifty years’ interval between the re…
Odysseus lets various notable female ghosts drink blood one by one, listing figures like Tyro, Antiope, Alcmena, Epicaste, Chloris, and Leda with their divine liaisons and offspring, including the genealogical origins of major cities.
keep them from all drinking the blood at once. So they came up one after the other, and each one as I questioned her told me her race and lineage. “The first I saw was Tyro. She was daughter of Salmoneus and wife of Cretheus the son of Aeolus.94 She fell in love with the river Enipeus who is much the most beautiful river in the whole world. Once when she was taking a walk by his side as usual, Neptune, disguised as …
In their introduction to the Odyssey’s composition and plot, Butcher and Lang explain the poem’s material as later shaped legends around the Trojan war, then outline Odysseus’s ten-year wanderings and the final six weeks of Ithacan events.
artistic whole, is one of the chief proofs of the unity of authorship of that poem. We now go on to sketch the plot, which is a marvel of construction. Odysseus was the King of Ithaca, a small and rugged island on the western coast of Greece. When he was but lately married to Penelope, and while his only son Telemachus was still an infant, the Trojan war began. It is scarcely necessary to say that the object of this…
In Phaeacia, Arete and Echeneus praise Odysseus, Alcinous orders him to stay until the next day, and asks him to recount whether any comrades who sailed with him to Troy died in his absence.
Crete to the hill of sacred Athens, yet had he no joy of her; for Artemis slew her ere that in sea-girt Dia, by reason of the witness of Dionysus. “And Maera and Clymene I saw, and hateful Eriphyle, who took fine gold for the price of her dear lord’s life. But I cannot tell or name all the wives and daughters of the heroes that I saw; ere that, the immortal night would wane. Nay, it is even now time to sleep, whethe…
Penelope brings out her husband’s bow and axes for the suitors’ contest as Athena instructs her, and the passage recounts the bow’s earlier history via Iphitus, Eurytus’s line, and Odysseus’s travels.
full, and full is the court, of ghosts that hasten hellwards beneath the gloom, and the sun has perished out of heaven, and an evil mist has overspread the world.” So spake he, and they all laughed sweetly at him. Then Eurymachus, son of Polybus, began to speak to them, saying: “The guest that is newly come from a strange land is beside himself. Quick, ye young men, and convey him forth out of doors, that he may go…
He argues that domestication does not require innate “extraordinary” variability, discusses ancient records from Egypt and early pottery, and concludes domestic dogs likely come from several wild species.
made to breed for an equal number of generations under domestication, they would vary on an average as largely as the parent species of our existing domesticated productions have varied. In the case of most of our anciently domesticated animals and plants, I do not think it is possible to come to any definite conclusion, whether they have descended from one or several species. The argument mainly relied on by those …
Darwin argues selection is not modern, pointing to ancient Chinese and Roman references, Genesis animal color attention, and examples of breeders’ unconscious selection over centuries.
I cannot doubt that the continued selection of slight variations, either in the leaves, the flowers, or the fruit, will produce races differing from each other chiefly in these characters. It may be objected that the principle of selection has been reduced to methodical practice for scarcely more than three-quarters of a century; it has certainly been more attended to of late years, and many treatises have been publ…
In a classification-focused section, Darwin argues that all organic beings resemble each other by descending degrees, so taxonomic groupings reflect descent with modification, not a separate design in each level.
MUTUAL AFFINITIES OF ORGANIC BEINGS: MORPHOLOGY: EMBRYOLOGY: RUDIMENTARY ORGANS. CLASSIFICATION, groups subordinate to groups. Natural system. Rules and difficulties in classification, explained on the theory of descent with modification. Classification of varieties. Descent always used in classification. Analogical or adaptive characters. Affinities, general, complex and radiating. Extinction separates and defines …
Darwin critiques the idea that classification reveals the Creator’s plan, insisting similarity reflects “propinquity of descent,” and he says classification should rely especially on less-adaptive, more consistent traits.
Thus, the grand fact in natural history of the subordination of group under group, which, from its familiarity, does not always sufficiently strike us, is in my judgment fully explained. Naturalists try to arrange the species, genera, and families in each class, on what is called the Natural System. But what is meant by this system? Some authors look at it merely as a scheme for arranging together those living objec…
He explains that a natural classification must be genealogical in the arrangement of groups, while the degree of difference reflects how much branches have been modified over time, illustrated by a Silurian branching diagram.
naturalists have been unconsciously seeking, and not some unknown plan of creation, or the enunciation of general propositions, and the mere putting together and separating objects more or less alike. But I must explain my meaning more fully. I believe that the *arrangement* of the groups within each class, in due subordination and relation to the other groups, must be strictly genealogical in order to be natural; b…
He explains complex family affinities through inheritance of shared characters from a common ancestor, and argues that extinction separates connected branches without creating entirely new distinctions, making perfect re-collection impossible.
become adapted to habits like those of a Rodent. The elder De Candolle has made nearly similar observations on the general nature of the affinities of distinct orders of plants. On the principle of the multiplication and gradual divergence in character of the species descended from a common parent, together with their retention by inheritance of some characters in common, we can understand the excessively complex an…
Darwin continues that extinction accounts for class separation (e.g., birds from other vertebrates) while intermediate links may still imply a natural arrangement, stressing the value of types and referencing Milne Edwards.
naturalists have experienced in describing, without the aid of a diagram, the various affinities which they perceive between the many living and extinct members of the same great natural class. Extinction, as we have seen in the fourth chapter, has played an important part in defining and widening the intervals between the several groups in each class. We may thus account even for the distinctness of whole classes f…
Darwin predicts a revolution in natural history: systematists will focus on defining species by measurable differences and intermediates, and broader study of morphology and instincts will become more meaningful.
should infer from analogy that probably all the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial form, into which life was first breathed. When the views entertained in this volume on the origin of species, or when analogous views are generally admitted, we can dimly foresee that there will be a considerable revolution in natural history. Systematists will be able to pursue …
In the chapter ‘Of the Sons of Master and Man,’ Du Bois calls the twentieth century to study race-contact honestly, warns against excusing past colonial violence and racial domination, and frames the South as crucial evidence.
MRS. BROWNING. The world-old phenomenon of the contact of diverse races of men is to have new exemplification during the new century. Indeed, the characteristic of our age is the contact of European civilization with the world’s undeveloped peoples. Whatever we may say of the results of such contact in the past, it certainly forms a chapter in human action not pleasant to look back upon. War, murder, slavery, exterm…
Jesus tells Peter to follow him, discusses another disciple who will not die, and states that many other deeds were not written; the Gospel of John ends, followed by the start of Luke’s Acts.
old, thou shalt stretch forth thy hands, and another shall gird thee, and lead thee whither thou wouldest not. That spake he signifying by what death he should glorify God. And when he had said thus, he said to him: Follow me. Peter turned about, and saw that disciple whom Iesus loved following (which also leaned on his breast at supper) and said: lord which is he that shall betray thee? When Peter saw him, he said …
Stephen’s speech recounts Abraham’s call from Mesopotamia to Canaan, Joseph’s rise in Egypt, Israel’s enslavement and Moses’ rescue and mission, and Moses’ role as lawgiver and prophet rejected by the people.
and died both he and our fathers, and were translated into Sichem, and were put in the sepulchre that Abraham bought for money of the sons of Emor, at Sichem. When the time of the promise drew nigh (which God had promised with an oath to Abraham) the people grew and multiplied in Egypt till another king arose which knew not of Ioseph. The same dealt subtly with our kindred, and evil intreated our fathers, and made t…
It opens a new letter to the Romans and then begins 1 Corinthians with Paul’s greeting to the Corinthian congregation, condemning divisions about leaders and arguing that preaching Christ crucified is God’s power.
the congregations, saluteth you. Erastus saluteth you, the chamberlain of the city. And Quartus a brother, saluteth you. The grace of our lord Iesu Christ be with you all Amen. To him that is of power to establish you according to my gospell, wherewith I preach Iesus Christ, in opening of the mystery which was kept close since the world began, and now is opened at this time and declared in the scriptures of prophecy…
This editor section lists the circumstances of Tyndale’s martyrdom, then explains how later Bibles in England drew from Tyndale’s translation through a chain of revisions (Coverdale, Matthew, Taverner, Bishops’, Geneva, and later echoes).
'Why do ye also transgress the commandment of God, thorow your traditions?' Matthew xv. also see Mark vij.}. At last, after much reasoning, when no reason would serve, although he deserved no death, he was condemned by virtue of the emperor's decree, made in the assembly at Augsburg. Brought forth to the place of execution, he was tied to the stake, strangled by the hangman, and afterwards consumed with fire, at the…
Livy explains he is momentarily digressing to discuss Alexander the Great and Roman soldiers who might have fought him, contrasting Macedonian kingship and strategy with Roman senate and commanders.
forests of Apulia, and the mountains of Lucania, with the vestiges of the disasters of his house, and where his uncle Alexander, king of Epirus, had been lately cut off. 18. We are now speaking of Alexander not yet intoxicated by prosperity, the seductions of which no man was less capable of withstanding. But, if he is to be judged from the tenor of his conduct in the new state of his fortune, and from the new dispo…
Livy praises Cneius Fulvius’s concurrent success—Perusans and Clusians killed and standards taken—then tallies contested exaggerations for Sentinum, summarizes later actions in Samnium, and describes Fabius’s triumph.
Fabius, discarding all concern about any other business, solemnized the obsequies of his colleague in the most honourable manner, passing on him the high encomiums which he had justly merited. 30. During the same period, matters were managed successfully by Cneius Fulvius, propraetor, he having, besides the immense losses occasioned to the enemy by the devastation of their lands, fought a battle with extraordinary s…
Livy says Hannibal reaches Italy in the fifth month after leaving New Carthage, with the Alps crossed in fifteen days; troop numbers and even the route are disputed, and Livy reviews alternate proposed passes and ancient naming explanations.
given for three days to the men, fatigued with forming the passage: they then descended into the plains, the country and the dispositions of the inhabitants being now less rugged. 38. In this manner chiefly they came to Italy in the fifth month (as some authors relate) after leaving New Carthage, having crossed the Alps in fifteen days. What number of forces Hannibal had when he had passed into Italy is by no means …
Lipsky frames Herzl’s career as successive variations on a Zionist theme, linking “The Jewish State” to “The New Ghetto,” “Address to the Rothschilds,” and “Altneuland,” and explaining that Herzl wrote “Diaries” after the pamphlet.
* * * * * "The Jewish State" should be regarded as one of a series of books, variations on the same theme, composed by the same author. The first was "The New Ghetto" (1894). That was a play which dealt with the social life of the upper class of Jews in Vienna. Then came the "Address to the Rothschilds." That was a memorandum which contained a proposal to Jewish philanthropists. "The Jewish State" was the third effo…
Herzl, cautious in public during work in Constantinople, helps organize Berlin circles around a planned Zionist newspaper and conference, which approves Munich’s general Zionist conference, sparks controversy, and leads to founding the weekly Die Welt and assembling the First Zionist Congress in Basel.
State," nor did he use it in most of his public utterances at that time. He had become cautious. He did not want to prejudice his political work in Constantinople. He was still thinking of issuing a newspaper, but there were no funds for that purpose. The report that he intended to issue a newspaper drew the attention of a number of personalities and groups in Berlin. There were the Russian Jewish students, led by L…
Herzl argues that the Jewish people need a corporate gestor rather than a single leader, explains how the Society of Jews will create institutions and collect statistics, and frames the pamphlet as initiating a public debate.
to the *dominus* by his intervention, and is bound by the agreement *quasi ex contractu*. This is the legal relationship existing before, or, more correctly, created simultaneously with the State. The *gestor* thus becomes answerable for every form of negligence, even for the failure of business undertakings, and the neglect of such affairs as are intimately connected with them, etc. I shall not further enlarge on t…
Hamilton concludes the judiciary argument (no abolition of jury trial, and proper distribution of original and appellate authority) and then begins Federalist No. LXXXII on how state courts relate to federal jurisdiction and appeals.
[3] This word is composed of JUS and DICTIO, juris dictio or a speaking and pronouncing of the law. [4] I hold that the States will have concurrent jurisdiction with the subordinate federal judicatories, in many cases of federal cognizance, as will be explained in my next paper. THE FEDERALIST. No. LXXXII. The Judiciary Continued From McLEAN’s Edition, New York. HAMILTON To the People of the State of New York…
Hamilton begins Federalist No. 15 by framing the coming case that the existing Confederation is insufficient to preserve the Union, promising proof from overlooked facts and arguments.
To the People of the State of New York. IN THE course of the preceding papers, I have endeavored, my fellow citizens, to place before you, in a clear and convincing light, the importance of Union to your political safety and happiness. I have unfolded to you a complication of dangers to which you would be exposed, should you permit that sacred knot which binds the people of America together be severed or dissolved b…
Inside Dido’s temple at Carthage, Aeneas finds a painted account of Troy’s destruction and is overwhelmed with tears by scenes of the Greeks, Hector’s death, and Ajax-like atrocities.
eyes, Their lofty tow’rs; then, ent’ring at the gate, Conceal’d in clouds (prodigious to relate) He mix’d, unmark’d, among the busy throng, Borne by the tide, and pass’d unseen along. Full in the centre of the town there stood, Thick set with trees, a venerable wood. The Tyrians, landing near this holy ground, And digging here, a prosp’rous omen found: From under earth a courser’s head they d…
Book I switches to the story Aeneas tells: Troy fell after ten years by Sinon’s deception with the Trojan Horse, and Aeneas describes why he chose not to survive the ruin and to relocate his household gods.
THE ARGUMENT. Aeneas relates how the city of Troy was taken, after a ten years’ siege, by the treachery of Sinon, and the stratagem of a wooden horse. He declares the fixed resolution he had taken not to survive the ruin of his country, and the various adventures he met with in defence of it. At last, having been before advised by Hector’s ghost, and now by the appearance of his mother …
The shield’s imagined episodes expand into grand historical spectacles—Actium, Caesars and Antony, and further triumphal Rome imagery—culminating in the triumphal procession of peoples in distinct arms.
punish’d Catiline Hung on a rock—the traitor; and, around, The Furies hissing from the nether ground. Apart from these, the happy souls he draws, And Cato’s holy ghost dispensing laws. Betwixt the quarters flows a golden sea; But foaming surges there in silver play. The dancing dolphins with their tails divide The glitt’ring waves, and cut the precious tide. Amid the main, two mighty fleets e…
Aeneas admires the divinely wrought shield’s scenes even without knowing their names, taking up the fame and fortune it promises for his line and future race.
humbly glides, And there the Rhine submits her swelling tides, And proud Araxes, whom no bridge could bind; The Danes’ unconquer’d offspring march behind, And Morini, the last of humankind. These figures, on the shield divinely wrought, By Vulcan labour’d, and by Venus brought, With joy and wonder fill the hero’s thought. Unknown the names, he yet admires the grace, And bears aloft the fame a…
Rodwell outlines major life-events linked to Qur’anic material—Gabriel’s visions, conversion of early followers, emigrations to Abyssinia and Yathrib (Medina), night journey to Jerusalem, key battles, Hudaibiya, embassies to rulers, and the conquest/submission of territories—while noting it is hard to match individual verses to exact events.
Apostle's, God's pleasure and the Apostle's, spoken of in the same breath, and epithets and attributes elsewhere applied to Allah openly applied to himself as in Sura ix., 118, 129. The Suras, viewed as a whole, strike me as being the work of one who began his career as a thoughtful enquirer after truth, and an earnest asserter of it in such rhetorical and poetical forms as he deemed most likely to win and attract h…
Rodwell argues that later passages may deliberately mix earlier revelations to soften predictions of imminent judgment, and he claims the Qur’an rarely names contemporaries or Muhammad explicitly, so verse meanings must often be interpreted through the Qur’an itself, aided by repeated narratives.
to Mecca proffering submission–and lastly in Hej. 10, the submission of Hadramont, Yemen, the greater part of the southern and eastern provinces of Arabia–and the final solemn pilgrimage to Mecca. While, however, there is no great difficulty in ascertaining the Suras which stand in connection with the more salient features of Muhammad's life, it is a much more arduous, and often impracticable task, to point out the …
The translator argues that early traditions about Muhammad were largely unwritten for about a century, later colored by sectarian interests, and judges later historians’ reliability as “highly uncritical.”
15, p. 339, and v. 246, p. 365, and the constant mention of guidance, direction, wandering, may have been suggested by reminiscences of his mercantile journeys in his earlier years. It may be considered quite certain that it was not customary to reduce to writing any traditions concerning Muhammad himself for at least the greater part of a century. They rested entirely on the memory of those who have handed them dow…