December 18th.--Paris.
December 19th.--Evacuation of Kovno and passage of the Niemen.
December 20th.--Napoleon welcomed by the Senate in a speech by the naturalist Lacépède: "The absence of your Majesty, sire, is always a national calamity."
December 30th.--Defection of the Prussian General York and Convention of Taurogen, near Tilsit, between Russia and Prussia. This defection is the signal for the uprising of Germany from the Oder to the Rhine, from the Baltic to the Julienne Alps.
January 5th.--Konigsberg occupied by the Russians.
January 13th.--Senatus Consultus calls up 250,000 conscripts.
January 22nd.--Americans defeated at Frenchtown, near Detroit, and lose 1200 men.
January 25th.--Concordat at Fontainebleau between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII., with advantageous terms for the Papacy. The Pope, however, soon breaks faith.
January 28th.--Murat deserts the French army for Naples, and leaves Posen. "Your husband is very brave on the battlefield, but he is weaker than a woman or a monk when he is not face to face with an enemy. He has no moral courage"* (Napoleon to his sister Caroline, January 24, 1813. Brotonne, 1032). *Replaced by Eugène (Napoleon's letter dated January 22nd).
February 1st.--Proclamation of Louis XVIII. to the French people (dated London).
February 8th.--Warsaw surrenders to Russia.
February 10th.--Proclamation of Emperor Alexander calling on the people of Germany to shake off the yoke of "one man."
February 28th.--Sixth Continental Coalition against France. Treaty signed between Russia and Prussia at Kalisch.
March 3rd.--New treaty between England and Sweden at Stockholm: Sweden to receive a subsidy of a million sterling and the island of Guadaloupe in return for supporting the Coalition with 30,000 men.
March 4th.--Cossacks occupy Berlin. Madison inaugurated President U.S.A.
March 9th.--Eugène removes his headquarters to Leipsic.
March 12th.--French evacuate Hamburg.
March 21st.--Russians and Prussians take new town of Dresden.
April 1st.--France declares war on Prussia.
April 10th.--Death of Lagrange, mathematician; greatly bemoaned by Napoleon, who considered his death as a "presentiment" (D'Abrantès).
April 14th.--Swedish army lands in Germany.
April 15th.--Napoleon leaves Paris; arrives Erfurt (April 25th). Americans take Mobile.
April 16th.--Thorn (garrisoned by 900 Bavarians) surrenders to the Russians. Fort York (now Toronto) and
April 27th.--Upper Canada taken by the Americans.
May 1st.--Death of the Abbé Delille, poet. Opening of campaign. French forces scattered in Germany, 166,000 men; Allies' forces ready for action, 225,000 men. Marshal Bessières killed by a cannon-ball at Poserna.
May 2nd.--Napoleon with 90,000 men defeats Prussians and Russians at Lutzen (Gross-Goerschen) with 110,000; French loss, 10,000. Battle won* *chiefly by French artillery. Emperor of Russia and King of Prussia present.
May 8th.--Napoleon and the French reoccupy Dresden.
May 18th.--Eugène reaches Milan, and enrols an Italian army 47,000 strong.
May 19th-21st.--Combats of Konigswartha, Bautzen, Hochkirch, Würschen. Napoleon defeats Prussians and Russians; French loss, 12,000; Allies, 20,000.
May 23rd.--Duroc (shot on May 22nd) dies. "Duroc," said the Emperor, "there is another life. It is there you will go to await me, and there we shall meet again some day."
May 27th.--Americans capture Fort George (Lake Ontario) and
May 29th.--Defeat English at Sackett's Harbour.
May 30th.--French re-enter Hamburg and
June 1st.--Occupy Breslau. British frigate Shannon captures Chesapeake in fifteen minutes outside Boston harbour.
June 4th.--Armistice of Plesswitz, between Napoleon and the Allies.
June 6th.--Americans (3500) surprised at Burlington Heights by 700 British.
June 15th.--Siege of Tarragona raised by Suchet; English re-embark, leaving their artillery. "If I had had two marshals such as Suchet, I should not only have conquered Spain, but I should have kept it"* (*Napoleon in Campan's Memoirs).
June 21st.--Battle of Vittoria; total rout of the French under Marshal Jourdan and King Joseph. In retreat the army is much more harassed by the guerillas than by the English.
June 23rd.--Admiral Cockburn defeated at Craney Island by Americans.
June 24th.--Five hundred Americans surrender to two hundred Canadians at Beaver's Dams.
June 25th.--Combat of Tolosa. Foy stops the advance of the English right wing.
June 30th.--Convention at Dresden. Napoleon accepts the mediation of Austria; armistice prolonged to August 10th.
July 1st.--Soult sent to take chief command in Spain.
July 10th.--Alliance between France and Denmark.