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which will take no denial, and will find itself driven for the first time to a serious recognition of poverty as a national, industrial disease, requiring a national, industrial remedy.
The great problem of poverty thus resides in the conditions of the low- skilled workman. To live industrially under the new order he must organize. He cannot organize because he is so poor, so ignorant, so weak. Because he is not organized he continues to be poor, ignorant, weak. Here is a great dilemma, of which whoever shall have found the key will have done much to solve the problem of poverty.
List of Authorities.
By far the most valuable general work of reference upon Problems of Poverty* is Charles Booth's *Labour and Life of the People (Williams & Norgate). By the side of this work on London may be set Mr Rowntree's Poverty: A Story of Town Life (Macmillan). A large quantity of valuable material exists in The Report of the Industrial Remuneration Conference*, and in the Reports of the Lords' Committee on the Sweating System and of the *Labour Commission. Among shorter and more accessible works dealing with the industrial causes of poverty and the application of industrial remedies, Toynbee's Industrial Revolution (Rivington); Gibbins' Industrial History of England (University Extension Series*, Methuen & Co.); and Jevons'*The State in Relation to Labour (English Citizen Series), will be found most useful. For a clear understanding of the relation of economic theory to the facts of labour and poverty, J.E. Symes' Political Economy (Rivington), and Marshall's Economies of Industryare specially recommended.
Among the large mass of books and pamphlets bearing on special subjects connected with Problems of Poverty, the following are most useful. An asterisk is placed against the names of those which deserve special attention, and which are easily accessible.
Sweating and Its Causes.
Booth, Labour and Life of the People.
Final Report of Lords' Committee on the Sweating System.
Marx, "Capital," chap. xv., Machinery and Modern Industry (Sonnenschein).
Burnett, Report to the Board of Trade on Sweating (Blue-Book, 1887).
"Socialism," Fabian Essays (Walter Scott).
Booth, Pauperism and the Endowment of Old Age (Macmillan).
J. A. Spender, The State and Pensions in Old Age (Sonnenschein).
J. T. Arlidge, Hygiene of Occupations (Rivington).
Co-Operation and Labour Organization.
Webb, History of Trade Unionism (Longman).
Howell, Conflicts of Capital and Labour (Chatto & Windus).
Burnett, Report of Trade Unions (Blue-Book).
Brentano, Gilds and Trade Unions (Trübner).
Acland and Jones, Working-men Co-operators.
Gilman, Profit-sharing between Employer and Employed (Macmillan).
Co-operative Wholesale Society's Annual.
Potter, Co-operative Movement in Great Britain (Sonnenschein).
Webb, Industrial Democracy (Longman).
Schloss, Methods of Industrial Remuneration (Williams & Norgate).
Chartiable Work and Poor Law, &c.
H. Bosanquet, The Strength of the People (Macmillan).
P. Alden, The Unemployed.
Fowle, The Poor Law (English Citizen Series).
Booth, In Darkest England.
Blackley, Thrift and Independence (People's Library, S.P.C.K.).
Mackay, The English Poor (Murray).
Report on Pauperism in England and Wales (Blue-Book, 1889).
Rev. S.A. Barnett, Practicable Socialism.
Loch, Charity Organization (Sonnenschein).
Report of Committee on National Provident Insurance (Blue-Book, 1887).
Socialistic Legislation.
Ensor, Modern Socialism (Harpers).
Webb, Socialism in England (Swan Sonnenschein).
Hyndman, Historical Basis of Socialism in England (Kegan Paul).
"Socialism" (Fabian Essays).
Toynbee, Industrial Revolution (Rivington).
Kirkup, An Inquiry into Socialism (Longman).
Movements of Capital.
Marx, "Capital," vol. ii., ch. xv.
Baker, Monopolies and the People (Putnams).
"Socialism," Fabian Essays.
Macrosty, Trust and the State (Grant Richards).
Ely, Monopolies and Trusts (Macmillan).
The Measure of Poverty.
*Giffen, *Economic Inquiries and Studies *(Bell).
Mulhall, Dictionary of Statistics (Routledge).
Bowley, National Progress in Wealth and Trade(King).
Statistical Abstract of the United Kingdom [cd. 1727].
Census of England and Wales: General Report, 1901 [cd. 2174].
Leone Levi, Wages and Earnings of the Working-Classes (Murray).
Report of the Industrial Remuneration Conference (Cassell).
Giffen, Growth of Capital (Bell).
Valpy, An Inquiry into the Conditions and Occupations of the People in Central London.
Footnotes
[1] This sum includes an allowance for the part of the wage of domestic servants, shop-attendants, &c. paid in kind.
[2] Leone Levi's Wages and Earnings of the Working-Classes, p. II.
[3] Labour and Life of the People, vol. i. p. 38.
[4] Poverty: A Study of Town Life. (Macmillan & Co.)
[5] By Mr P.H. Mann in Sociological Papers. (Macmillan.)
[6] Cf. An Inquiry into the Conditions and Occupations of the People in Central London, R. A. Valpy.
[7] This statement is borne out by A Return of Expenditure of Working- Men, for 1889, published by the Labour Department of the Board of Trade.
[8] See two interesting papers, "Our Farmers in Chains," by the Rev. Harry Jones (National Review, April and July, 1890).
[9] Arnold White: The Problems of a Great City, p. 159.
[10] Marshall's Principles of Economics, II. ch. iv. §2.
[11] De Tocqueville, Ancient Régime, ch. xvi.
[12] Report of the Industrial Remuneration Conference, 1886, p. 429.
[13] Cannan's Elementary Political Economy, part ii. § 15.
[14] Industrial Remuneration Congress Report, p. 153. Mr. W. Owen.
[15] Economics of Industry, p. 111.
[16] Principles of Economics, pp. 314, 316.
[17] Kirkup, Inquiry into Socialism, p. 72.
[18] Booth's *Labour and Life of the People, *vol. i. Part. III. ch. ii. *Influx of Population, *by H. Llewellyn Smith. A most valuable paper, from which many of the facts here stated have been drawn.
[19] The official estimate is not precise, since our statistics of emigration refer only to non-European countries.
[20] Labour and Life of the People, vol. i. p. 237.
[21] Labour and Life of East London, vol. i. p. 224.
[22] Report on the Sweating System, p. 14.
[23] Labour and Life of the People, p. 271.
[24] *Final Report on the Sweating System, *§ 68.
[25] *Lords' Committee on the Sweating System; Last Report, * p. 184.
[26] Labour and Life in London, vol. i. p. 489.
[27] Howell, *Conflicts of Capital and Labour, *p. 128. Second Edition, Macmillan & Co.
[28] Karl Marx, Capital, vol. ii. p. 480.
[29] *Labour and Life in East London, *vol. i. p. 112.
[30] Cf. Howell's Conflicts of Capital and Labour, p. 207.
[31] The State in Relation to Labour, p. 106.
[32] Problems of Greater Britain, vol. ii. p. 314.
[33] Labour and Life of the People, vol. i, p. 167.
[34] The match-box trade, however, is chiefly in the hands of home-workers.
[35] Labour and Life of the People, vol, i p. 427.
[36] Roscher's Political Economy, § 242.
[37] Fabian Essays in Socialism, p. 48.
[38] Quoted by G. Gunton: Political Science Quarterly, Sept. 1880.
[39] G. Gunton: *Political Science Quarterly, *Sept. 1888.
[40] p. 17.